"جرمن زبانیں" کے نسخوں کے درمیان فرق
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کوئی خلاصۂ ترمیم نہیں |
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سطر 23:
'''جرمنیہ زبانیں''' یا '''[[جرمانی زبانیں]]''' (Germanic languages) [[ہند۔یورپی زبانیں|ہند۔یورپی زبانوں]] کا ایک [[لسانی خاندان]] ہے جسے بنیادی طور پر [[شمالی امریکہ]]، [[اوقیانوسیہ]]، [[مغربی یورپ|مغربی]] اور [[شمالی یورپ]] میں تقریبا 500 ملین افراد مقامی زبان کے طور پر بولتے ہیں۔ <ref>[http://books.google.pl/books?id=DVBdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR11&dq=germanic+languages&hl=pl&sa=X&ei=pJ8dVMatJIfgPMumgbgF&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=450&f=false "The Germanic Languages" by Ekkehard Konig, Johan van der Auwera (page 1)]</ref>
== موازنہ الفاظ ==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|-
! [[English language|English]]
! [[Scots language|Scots]]<ref>The spellings used are those based on the prestigious literary [[grapheme|conventions]] described in the article [[Modern Scots]]. Others spelling variants may be encountered in written Scots, e.g.<!-- Those who can't resist the urge to include every conceivable spelling for Scots words may do so here!--> ''aipil'' (apple), ''buik'' (book), ''huik'' (hook), ''houss'' (house) and ''monie'' (many).</ref>
! [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]
! [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]
! [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
! [[Limburgish]]
! [[Low German]]
! [[Middle Low German|Middle<br>German]]<br>([[Luxemburgish|Luxembourg]])
! [[German language|German]]
! [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]
! [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
! [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
! [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
! [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
! [[Danish language|Danish]]
! [[Norwegian language|Norwegian<br>(Bokmål)]]
! [[Norwegian language|Norwegian<br>(Nynorsk)]]
|-
|apple || aiple || apel || appel || appel || appel || Appel || Apel || Apfel || עפל<br>(epl) || aplus || epli || epli<ref>The cognate means 'potato'. The correct word is 'Súrepli'.</ref> || äpple || æble || eple || eple
|-
|board || buird || board || bord || boord || bórdj || Boord || Briet || Brett<ref name="Bord">''Brett'' is used in the South, ''Bord'' is used additionally in the North</ref> || ברעט<br>(bret) || baúrd || borð || borð || bord || bord || bord || bord
|-
|beech || beech || boeke || beuk || beuk || beuk || Böök || Bich || Buche || – || bōka,<ref name="Bōka">Attested meaning 'letter', but also means beech in other Germanic languages, cf. Russian buk 'beech', bukva 'letter', maybe from Gothic.</ref> -bagms || beyki || bók<br>(artræ) || bok || bøg || bok || bok, bøk
|-
|book || beuk || boek || boek || boek || book || Book || Buch || Buch || בוך<br>(bukh) || bōka || bók || bók || bok || bog || bok || bok
|-
|breast || breest ||boarst || bors || borst || boors || Bost || Broscht || Brust || ברוסט<br>(brust) || brusts || brjóst || bróst, bringa || bröst || bryst || bryst || bryst
|-
|brown || broun || brún || bruin || bruin || bruun || broen || brong || braun || ברוין<br>(broyn) || bruns || brúnn || brúnur || brun || brun || brun || brun
|-
|day || day || dei || dag || dag || daag || Dag || Do || Tag || טאג<br>(tog) || dags || dagur || dagur || dag || dag || dag || dag
|-
|dead || deid || dea || dood || dood || doed || doot || dout || tot || טויט<br>(toyt) || dauþs || dauður || deyður || död || død || død || daud
|-
|die, starve || dee || stjerre || sterf || sterven || stèrve || staarven || stierwen || sterben || שטארבן<br>(shtarbn) || diwan || deyja || doyggja || dö || dø || dø || døy, starva
|-
|enough || eneuch || genôch || genoeg || genoeg || genóg || noog || genuch || genug || גענוג<br>(genug) || ganōhs || nóg || nóg, nógmikið || nog || nok || nok || nok
|-
|finger || finger || finger || vinger || vinger || veenger || Finger || Fanger || Finger || פינגער<br>(finger) || figgrs || fingur || fingur || finger || finger || finger || finger
|-
|give || gie || jaan || gee || geven || geve || geven || ginn || geben || געבן<br>(gebn) || giban || gefa || geva || ge, giva || give || gi || gje(va)
|-
|glass || gless || glês || glas || glas || glaas || Glas || Glas || Glas || גלאז<br>(gloz) || – || glas || glas || glas || glas || glass || glas
|-
|gold || gowd || goud || goud || goud || goud, góldj || Gold, Guld || – || Gold || גאלד<br>(gold) || gulþ || gull || gull || guld, gull || guld || gull || gull
|-
|good || guid || goed || goed || goed || good || goot || gutt || gut || גוט<br>(gut) || gōþ(is) || góð(ur), gott || góð(ur), gott || god || god || god || god
|-
|hand || haund || hân || hand || hand || hand || Hand || Hand || Hand || האנט<br>(hant) || handus || hönd || hond || hand || hånd || hånd || hand
|-
|head || heid || holle || hoof,<ref name="hoof">Now only used in compound words such as ''hoofpyn'' (headache) and metaphorically, such as ''hoofstad'' (capital city).</ref> kop<ref name="kopf">From an old Latin borrowing, akin to "cup".</ref> || hoofd, kop<ref name="kopf" /> || kop<ref name="kopf" /> || Hööft, Kopp<ref name="kopf" /> || Kopp<ref name="kopf" /> || Haupt, Kopf<ref name="kopf" /> || הויפט, קאפ<br>(hoypt, kop)<ref name="kopf">From an old Latin borrowing, akin to "cup".</ref> || háubiþ || höfuð || høvd, høvur || huvud || hoved || hode || hovud
|-
|high || heich || heech || hoog || hoog || hoeg || hooch || héich || hoch || הויך<br>(hoykh) || háuh || hár || høg, ur || hög || høj || høy, høg || høg
|-
|home || hame || hiem || heim,<ref name="heim">Archaic: now only used in compound words such as 'heimwee' (homesickness).</ref> tuis<ref name="tuis">From a compound phrase akin to "to house"</ref> || heem, heim,<ref name="heim" /> thuis<ref name="tuis" /> || thoes<ref name="tuis" /> || Tohuus,<ref name="tuis" /> Heem || Heem || Heim(at) || היים<br>(heym) || háimōþ || heim || heim || hem || hjem || hjem, heim || heim
|-
|hook, crook || heuk || hoek || haak || haak || haok || Haak || Krop, Kramp || Haken || האק<br>(hak) || kramppa || haki, krókur || krókur, ongul || hake, krok || hage, krog || hake, krok || hake, krok<ref name="ongel">''ongel'' is also used for fishing hook.</ref>
|-
|house || hoose || hûs || huis || huis || hoes || Huus || Haus || Haus || הויז<br>(hoyz) || hūs || hús || hús || hus || hus || hus || hus
|-
|many || mony || mannich, mennich || baie, menige || veel, menig || minnig || veel, männig || – || manch, viel || מאנכע<br>(mankhe) || manags || margir || mangir, nógvir || många || mange || mange || mange
|-
|moon || muin || moanne || maan || maan || maon || Maan || Mound || Mond || – || mēna || máni, tungl || máni || måne || måne || måne || måne
|-
|night || nicht || nacht || nag || nacht || nach || Nacht || Nuecht || Nacht || נאכט<br>(nakht) || nótt || nótt || nátt || natt || nat || natt || natt
|-
|no, nay || nae || {{not a typo|nee}} || {{not a typo|nee}} || {{not a typo|nee(n)}} || nei || {{not a typo|nee}} || {{not a typo|nee(n)}} || {{not a typo|nee}}, nein, nö || ניין<br>(neyn) || nē || nei || nei || nej, nä || nej, næ || nei || nei
|-
|old (but elder, eldest) || auld || âld || oud || oud || aajt (''old''), gammel (''decayed'') || oolt (''old''), gammelig (''decayed'') || aalt || alt || אלט<br>(alt) || sineigs || gamall (but eldri, elstur), aldinn || gamal (but eldri, elstur)|| gammal (but äldre, äldst)|| gammel (but ældre, ældst) || gammel (but eldre, eldst) || gam(m)al (but eldre, eldst)
|-
|one || ane || ien || een || één || ein || een || een || eins || איין<br>(eyn) || áins || einn || ein || en || en || en || ein
|-
|ounce || unce || ûns || ons || ons || óns || Ons || – || Unze || – || unkja || únsa || únsa || uns || unse || unse || unse, unsa
|-
|snow || snaw || snie || sneeu || sneeuw || sjnie || Snee || Schlue || Schnee || שניי<br>(shney) || snáiws || snjór || kavi, snjógvur || snö || sne || snø || snø
|-
|stone || stane || stien || steen || steen || stein || Steen || Steen || Stein || שטיין<br>(shteyn) || stáins || steinn || steinur || sten || sten || stein || stein
|-
|that || that || dat || daardie, dit || dat, die || dat, tot || dat, dü || dat || das || דאס<br>(dos) || þata || það || tað || det || det || det || det
|-
|two, twain || twa || twa || twee || twee || twie || twee || zoo, zwou, zwéin || zwei, zwo || צוויי<br>(tsvey) || twái || tveir, tvær, tvö || tveir, tvey, tvær, tvá || två, tu || to || to || to<ref>Dialectally tvo, två, tvei<br>(m), tvæ<br>(f), tvau<br>(n).</ref>
|-
|who || wha || wa || wie || wie || wee || wokeen || wien || wer || ווער<br>(ver) || Ƕas, hwas || hver || hvør || vem || hvem || hvem || kven
|-
|worm || wirm || wjirm || wurm || worm || weurm || Worm || Wuerm || Wurm, Made || ווארעם<br>(vorem) || maþa || maðkur, ormur || maðkur, ormur || mask, orm <ref name="orm" /> || orm || makk, mark, orm <ref name="orm">The cognate ''orm'' usually means 'snake'.</ref> || makk, mark, orm<ref name="orm" />
|-
! [[English language|English]]
! [[Scots language|Scots]]
! [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]
! [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]
! [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
! [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<br>([[Limburgish]])
! [[Low German]]
! [[Middle Low German|Middle<br>German]]<br>([[Luxemburgish]])
! [[German language|German]]
! [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]
! [[Gothic language|Gothic]]
! [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
! [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
! [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
! [[Danish language|Danish]]
! [[Norwegian language|Norwegian<br>(Bokmål)]]
! [[Norwegian language|Norwegian<br>(Nynorsk)]]
|}
==تاریخ==
[[File:Germanic languages in Europe.png|300px|thumb|left|
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