"قحط" کے نسخوں کے درمیان فرق

حذف شدہ مندرجات اضافہ شدہ مندرجات
کوئی خلاصۂ ترمیم نہیں
سطر 41:
قحط کو ایک قدرتی آفت سمجھا جاتا ہے لیکن ہمیشہ ایسا نہیں ہوتا۔ 1980ء کے جنوبی [[سوڈان]] کے قحط سے بالکل واضح ہے کہ صادق ال مہدی کی جمہوری حکومت، حکومت کے حمایت یافتہ جنگجو گروہ، بین الاقوامی امدادی ادارے اور SPLM نے دنکالینڈ میں قحط پیدا کرنے میں بھرپور حصہ لیا۔<!-- David Keen’s The Benefits of Famine is an updated paperback of the original 1994 edition, with a new foreword by the historian Douglas Johnson. The author presents a well-documented and historically informed statement on the ‘politics of famine’ in Sudan, with a focus on its functions. Keen problematizes the notion of ‘famine’ in international and mainstream academic discourse as ‘a natural disaster’. He shows how different forces and players including, but not restricted to, the democratic regime led by Sadiq el-Mahdi, government-supported militias (such as Arab murahaleen), international donors, and the SPLM actively contributed to the social creation of the 1980s famine in south-western Sudan (Dinkaland).
--><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/109/436/510/146893?redirectedFrom=fulltext ‘politics of famine’]</ref>
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امریتا سن (Amartya Sen) کا یہ نظریہ بالکل غلط نکلا کہ [[غربت]] کی وجہ سے قحط آتا ہے۔ دنکالینڈ پر ثروت کی وجہ سے قحط آیا اور ان کی دولت چند دوسرے لوگوں کو منتقل ہو گئی۔ اس مثال سے انسانی ہمدردی کرنے والے بین الاقوامی اداروں کی ساکھ مشکوک ہو گئی ہے۔
<!-- Identifying those Sudanese interests that actively promoted famine and obstructed relief, Keen shows how the assets of the politically powerless Dinka were forcibly transferred to beneficiary groups. In a sense, and contrary to the emphasis of Amartya Sen, it was the Dinkas' wealth, rather than their poverty, which exposed them to famine in a context where they lacked political redress against exploitation. For the most part, international donors failed to counteract the processes leading to famine or to speak up on behalf of those who lacked political influence in their own society. At a time when the effectiveness of the U.N. and the international community in such crises is increasingly being questioned, this provocative work provides compelling evidence of flaws in current thinking about humanitarian intervention and in its practice. --><ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Benefits-Famine-Political-Southwestern-1983-1989/dp/0691034230 قحط کے فوائد]</ref>
 
==اقتباس==
اخذ کردہ از «https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/قحط»