ماڈیول:Middleclass/دستاویز

Middleclass is an object-oriented library for Lua, written by Enrique García Cota (kikito) and maintained at GitHub.

If you are familiar with Object Orientation in other languages (C++, Java, Ruby … ) then you will probably find this library very easy to use.

The code is reasonably commented, so you might want to employ some time in reading through it, in order to gain insight of Lua’s amazing flexibility.

Quick Example

local class = require('Module:Middleclass').class

Person = class('Person') --this is the same as class('Person', Object) or Object:subclass('Person')

function Person:initialize(name)
	self.name = name
end

function Person:speak()
	return 'Hi, I am ' .. self.name ..'.'
end

AgedPerson = class('AgedPerson', Person) -- or Person:subclass('AgedPerson')
AgedPerson.static.ADULT_AGE = 18 --this is a class variable

function AgedPerson:initialize(name, age)
	Person.initialize(self, name) -- this calls the parent's constructor (Person.initialize) on self
	self.age = age
end

function AgedPerson:speak()
	local hi = Person.speak(self) -- "Hi, I am xx."
	if self.age < AgedPerson.ADULT_AGE then -- accessing a class variable from an instance method
		return hi .. '\nI am underaged.'
	else
		return hi .. '\nI am an adult.'
	end
end

local p1 = AgedPerson:new('Billy the Kid', 13) -- this is equivalent to AgedPerson('Billy the Kid', 13) - the :new part is implicit
local p2 = AgedPerson:new('Luke Skywalker', 21)
mw.log(p1:speak())
mw.log(p2:speak())

Output:

Hi, I'm Billy the Kid.
I am underaged.
Hi, I'm Luke Skywalker.
I am an adult.

Comparing classes and objects

You can compare classes and objects with the built-in methods isInstanceOf, isSubclassOf, and includes.

obj:isInstanceOf(MyClass)
aClass:isSubclassOf(Object)
aClass:includes(aMixin)

Caution: this code will throw an error if obj is not an object, or if aClass is not a class (since they will not implement isInstanceOf, isSubclassOf or includes). If you are unsure of whether obj and aClass are an object or a class, you can use the methods in Object. This is a special object that can be obtained from the class object.

It is possible to get a special object Object from the class function.

local middleclass = require('Module:Middleclass')
local class = middleclass.class
local Object = class.Object

print(Object) -- prints 'class Object'

The methods in Object are prepared to work with random types, not just classes and instances:

Object.isInstanceOf(obj, MyClass)
Object.isSubclassOf(aClass, Object)
Object.includes(aClass, aMixin)

Metamethods

Metamethods can do funky stuff like allowing additions in our instances.

Let’s make an example with __tostring

Point = class('Point')

function Point:initialize(x,y)
	self.x = x
	self.y = y
end

function Point:__tostring()
	return 'Point: [' .. tostring(self.x) .. ', ' .. tostring(self.y) .. ']'
end

p1 = Point(100, 200)
p2 = Point(35, -10)
mw.log(p1)
mw.log(p2)

Output:

Point: [100, 200]
Point: [35, -10]

The complete list of supported methods can be seen on middleclass’ source code:

'__add', '__call', '__concat', '__div', '__le', '__lt', '__mod', '__mul', '__pow', '__sub', '__tostring', '__unm'

You may notice that __index is missing. That metamethod is reserved for the lib and can’t be used. On middleclass 1.x there was a way around this (via a mixin) but for now I don’t recommend using this metamethod with classes. You will probably be better off using a pure Lua table instead, if you need that.

Note about Lua 5.2: This new version of Lua adds support for 3 new metamethods __len, __pairs & __ipairs. These methods are now also included in middleclass. But you will need to be running Lua 5.2 (or Luajit compiled with the DLUAJIT_ENABLE_LUA52COMPAT flag) in order to be able to use them.

Mixins

Mixins can be used for sharing methods between classes, without requiring them to inherit from the same father.

local class = require 'middleclass'
HasWings = { -- HasWings is a module, not a class. It can be "included" into classes
fly = function(self)
	return 'flap flap flap I am a ' .. self.class.name
end
}

Animal = class('Animal')

Insect = class('Insect', Animal) -- or Animal:subclass('Insect')

Worm = class('Worm', Insect) -- worms don't have wings

Bee = class('Bee', Insect)
Bee:include(HasWings) --Bees have wings. This adds fly() to Bee

Mammal = class('Mammal', Animal)

Fox = class('Fox', Mammal) -- foxes don't have wings, but are mammals

Bat = class('Bat', Mammal)
Bat:include(HasWings) --Bats have wings, too.

local bee = Bee() -- or Bee:new()
local bat = Bat() -- or Bat:new()
mw.log(bee:fly())
mw.log(bat:fly())

Output:

flap flap flap I am a Bee
flap flap flap I am a Bat

Included

Mixins can provide a special function called 'included'. This function will be invoked when the mixin is included on a class, allowing the programmer to do actions. The only two parameters are the mixin (normally implicit) and the class.

local class = require('Module:Middleclass').class
DrinksCoffee = {}

-- This is another valid way of declaring functions on a mixin.
-- Note that we are using the : operator, so there's an implicit self parameter
function DrinksCoffee:drink(drinkTime)
	if(drinkTime~=self.class.coffeeTime) then
		return self.name .. ': It is not the time to drink coffee!'
	else
		return self.name .. ': Mmm I love coffee at ' .. drinkTime
	end
end

-- the included method is invoked every time DrinksCoffee is included on a class
-- notice that paramters can be passed around
function DrinksCoffee:included(klass)
	mw.log(klass.name .. ' drinks coffee at ' .. klass.coffeeTime)
end

EnglishMan = class('EnglishMan')
EnglishMan.static.coffeeTime = 5
EnglishMan:include(DrinksCoffee)

function EnglishMan:initialize(name)
	self.name = name
end

Spaniard = class('Spaniard')
Spaniard.static.coffeeTime = 6
Spaniard:include(DrinksCoffee)

function Spaniard:initialize(name)
	self.name = name
end

tom = EnglishMan:new('tom')
juan = Spaniard:new('juan')

mw.log(tom:drink(5))
mw.log(juan:drink(5))
mw.log(juan:drink(6))

Output:

EnglishMan drinks coffee at 5
Spaniard drinks coffee at 6
tom: Mmm I love coffee at 5
juan: It is not the time to drink coffee!
juan: Mmm I love coffee at 6

Naming Conventions

What follows is a set of recommendations used for naming objects with MiddleClass. These are completely optional, but will be used in all the modules directly dependent on MiddleClass (such as middleclass-extras or PÄSSION)

Classes and packages

Package names should be lowercased and separated by underscores: package_name
Class names & mixin names should begin with Uppercase, and use camelCase notation: MyClass, MyMixin
One exception to this rule is when classes are declared inside packages in that case, they can be declared as follows:

MyClass = class('package.MyClass')

Another exception is for internal classes (classed declared inside classes)

MyClass = class('package.MyClass')
MyClass.InternalClass = class('package.MyClass.InternalClass')

Attributes, instances and constants

Attributes begin with lowercase, and use camelCase: MyClass.attributeOne, MyClass.attributeTwo
- An underscore can precede the initial lowercase if the attribute is supposed to be private: MyClass._privateAttribute
Variables pointing to instances of classes should start with lowercase and be camelCased: myInstance = MyClass:new()
Constants should be ALL_UPPERCASED, and use underscores for word separations: MyClass.MY_CONSTANT
Private attributes should be preceded with an underscore: _myPrivateAttribute

Methods

Methods should begin with lowercase, and use camelCase: MyClass.myMethod
When possible, methods should use explicit verbs: getX() instead of x()
Instance methods should be declared using the colons, so they have an implicit ‘self’ parameter:

function MyClass:setX(x)
	self.x = x
end

Class methods should use the special property ‘static’ for being defined:

function MyClass.static:classMethod()
	return 'I am the ' .. self.name .. ' class. I am awesome'
end

Private methods should be preceded with an underscore: _myPrivateMethod

File names

In general, filenames will be named using semicolons and lowercase letters: my-file-name.lua
Folders containing a package should be called the same way as the package itself: my_package should be stored under a folder called /my-package/
If a file only defines a class, it should be named like the class, including lowercase/uppercase: a class named MyClass should be defined on a file named MyClass.lua
Same happens with Mixins: the file defining MyMixin should be called MyMixin.lua
If a class is so big it needs to be split on several files, precede all the files defining this class with the class name, followed by an underscore and an explanation of what the file defines:

Game.lua
Game_MainMenu.lua
Game_OptionsMenu.lua
Game_Play.lua

Private members

There are several ways you can make private parameters with middleclass.

Underscoring

The simplest one is just to precede your attributes with underscores. This is actually written on the Lua 5.1 reference, section 2.1, “Lexical conversions”, as a way to say “this is here, but please don’t use it”.

local class = require('middleclass')
MyClass = class('MyClass')

function MyClass:initialize()
	self._internalStuff = 1
	self.publicStuff = 2
end

However, this isn’t really making the properties “hidden”.

Private class attributes

In general, the way of “really” getting hidden functions or variables consists on using Lua’s scoping rules. The simplest way of using this is creating each of your classes on separate files, and then declaring any private variable or functions as local, on the “root” scope of the file.

Example:

-- File 'MyClass2.lua'
local class = require('middleclass')

MyClass2 = class('MyClass2')

local _internalClassCounter = 0

function MyClass2:initialize()
	_internalClassCounter = _internalClassCounter + 1
	self.publicStuff = 2
end

function MyClass2:getCount()
	return(_internalClassCounter)
end

The scope of local declarations on a lua file is the file itself. If you declare something “local” in one file it is not available on others, even if they “require” that file.

-- File 'main.lua'

require('MyClass2')

-- Try to change internal member...
_internalClassCounter = 4 -- Attempt to modify the _internalClassCounter variable

mw.log(MyClass2:getCount()) -- prints "0"

Let me explain what happens here. The _internalClassCounter = 4 line is, in reality, creating a new global variable called internalClassCounter, and assigning it 4. The “really internal” one is “out of reach” on main.lua (unless someone does really tricky stuff with the environments). So getCount() works as expected.

Private instance methods

It is also possible to declare private methods. The trick here is not to “include” them on the class definition. On the following example, we will not declare it on Class3:secretMethod; instead we’ll create a local function. Since we’re not using the : operator any more, we have to make the “self” parameter explicit. Also, since we have to make it local, we have to deviate from the “usual” way of declaring Lua functions (the “usual” way of declaring functions makes them global):

-- File 'MyClass3.lua'
local class = require('middleclass')

MyClass3 = class('MyClass3')

local _secretMethod = function(self) -- notice the 'local' at the beginning, the = function and explicit self parameter
	return 'My name is ' .. self.name .. ' and I have a secret.'
end

function MyClass3:initialize(name)
	self.name = name
end

function MyClass3:shout()
	return _secretMethod(self) .. ' You will never know it!' 
end

-- File 'Main.lua'
require('MyClass3')

peter = MyClass3:new('peter')
mw.log(peter:shout()) -- My name is peter and I have a secret. You will never know it!

mw.log(_secretMethod(peter)) -- throws an error - _secretMethod is nil here.

This technique also allows the creation of private class methods. In MiddleClass, there’s really no difference between class methods and instance methods; the difference comes from what you pass to their ‘self’ parameter. So if you invoke _secretMethod like this: _secretMethod(MyClass3) it will be a class method.

A slightly more efficient way of creating a class method would be getting rid of the ‘self’ parameter and use MyClass3 directly on the method’s body:

MyClass3 = class('MyClass3')

local _secretClassMethod = function() -- self parameter out
	return 'My name is ' .. MyClass3.name .. ' and I have a secret.' -- use MyClass3 directly.
end

-- Note that this alternative is only recommended for private class methods. Public class methods should follow the convention of adding one explicit 'class' parameter:
MyClass3 = class('MyClass3')

function MyClass3.classMethod(theClass)
	return( 'Being a public class named ' .. theClass.name .. ' is not a bad thing.' )
end

This gives a bit more of flexibility when overriding public class methods on subclasses.

Finally, a subtle point regarding recursive private methods. If you need to create a private method that calls himself, you will need to declare the variable first, and then (on the next line) initialize it with the function value. Otherwise the variable will not be available when the function is created

MyClass3 = class('MyClass3')

local _secretRecursiveMethod -- variable declared here
_secretRecursiveMethod= function(self, n) -- and initialized here
	if(n<=0) then
		return  'Last recursion'
	else
		print ( 'Recursion level ' .. n )
		_secretRecursiveMethod(self, n-1)
	end
end

function MyClass3:recurseOver(n)
	_secretRecursiveMethod(self, n)
end

m = MyClass3:new()
m:recurseOver(5)

Output:

Recursion level 5
Recursion level 4
Recursion level 3
Recursion level 2
Recursion level 1
Last recursion

Private Instance attributes

Instance attributes are a little bit trickier to implement, since we only have one scope to “hide stuff in”, and it has to cope with multiple instances.

One way to do this is using one private class variable as a ‘stash’. If you use one table instead of just a number, you can and hide there all the private information you may need. One problem with this approach is that you need to come out with a ‘key’ per ‘instance’.

Fortunately this is a very simple thing to do, since in lua you can use nearly any type of object as a key – So you can use the instances themselves as keys. In other words, we use ‘self’ as a key.

One problem with this approach is that instances might not be liberated by the garbage collector once they are not used any more (since there’s a reference to them on the ‘stash’ keys). In order to avoid this, we can make the ‘stash’ a weak table.

On the following example, the name attribute is public, but age and gender are private.

Our ‘secret stash’ in the following example will be called _private.

-By the way, the following example also shows how you can do “read-only-ish attributes”: you make them private, and make getters for them, but not setters.

-- File 'MyClass4.lua'
local class = require('middleclass')

MyClass4 = class('MyClass4')

local _private = setmetatable({}, {__mode = "k"})   -- weak table storing all private attributes

function MyClass4:initialize(name, age, gender)
	self.name = name
	_private[self] = {
		age = age,
		gender = gender
	}
end

function MyClass4:getName() -- shorter equivalent: MyClass4:getter('name')
	return self.name
end

function MyClass4:getAge()
	return _private[self].age
end

function MyClass4:getGender()
	return _private[self].gender
end

-- File 'main.lua'

require('MyClass4')

stewie = MyClass4:new('stewie', 2, 'male')

mw.log(stewie:getName()) -- stewie
stewie.name = 'ann'
mw.log(stewie.name) -- ann

mw.log(stewie:getAge()) -- 2
stewie.age = 14        -- this isn't really modifying the age... it is creating a new public attribute called 'age'
-- the internal age is still unaltered
mw.log(stewie:getAge()) -- 2
-- the newly created external age is also available.
mw.log(stewie.age) -- 14

-- same goes with gender:

mw.log(stewie:getGender()) -- 'male'
stewie.gender = 'female'
mw.log(stewie:getGender()) -- 'male'
mw.log(stewie.gender) -- 'female'

Private members on the same file

There’s also a way of creating private members that other classes/methods on the same file can’t access, if you ever had the need.

Just create an artificial scope with do … end, and declare private members as ‘local’ inside that block. Only the methods inside that block will have access to them:

-- File 'MyClass3.lua'
local class = require('middleclass')

MyClass3 = class('MyClass3')

function MyClass3:initialize(name)
	self.name = name
end

do
	local secretMethod = function(self) -- notice the explicit self parameter here.
		return 'My name is ' .. self.name .. ' and I have a secret.'
	end

	function MyClass3:shout()
		return secretMethod(self) .. ' You will never know it!'
	end
end

-- functions outside the do-end will not 'see' secretMethod, but they will see MyClass3.shout (because they see MyClass3)

MIT License

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.