"شہروں کی فہرست بلحاظ قدامت" کے نسخوں کے درمیان فرق
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سطر 38:
| [[اسکندریہ]] || || [[مصر]] || {{Hs|-332 !}}332 BC || Founded by [[سکندر اعظم]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/culture/historic_africa.html |title=Historic cities - Africa |publisher=City Mayors |date= |accessdate=2013-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225201104/http://www.citymayors.com/culture/historic_africa.html%20 |archivedate=2018-12-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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| [[Djenné-Jeno]] || || [[مالی]] || {{Hs|-200 !}}c. 200 BC || One of the oldest known cities in [[ذیلی صحارائی افریقا]]<ref>{{Cite journal | url=http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500 | title=Jenne-jeno, an ancient African city | publisher=Rice University Anthropology | last1=McIntosh | first1=Susan Keech | last2=McIntosh | first2=Roderick J. | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} | archiveurl
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| [[Ghadames]] (as ''Cydamus'') || || [[لیبیا]] || {{Hs|-19 !}}19 BC || Roman town founded in 19 BC but "archaeological evidence shows occupation of the area in the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1694&order_by=title&showdescription=1 |title=Ghadames |publisher=Archnet.org |date= |accessdate=2013-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225201135/http://archnet.org/ |archivedate=2018-12-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
سطر 338:
|[[ہندوستان کا آہنی دور]] foundation ([[Painted Grey Ware culture]]).
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|[[اوجین]] (As [[اوجین|Avanti]]) || [[مالوہ]] || India || {{Hs|-800 !}} c. 800 BC<ref>
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|[[سمرقند]] || [[سغد]] || [[ازبکستان]] || {{Hs|-700 !}} 700 BC{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} ||
سطر 353:
|[[گندھارا]]
|{{Hs|Pak}}[[خیبر پختونخوا]], [[پاکستان]]
| {{Hs|-350 !}}c. 400–300 BC<ref>
|Ongoing excavations in the [[گور کھٹری]] region have given proof of the ancient foundations of the city and have established Peshawar as one of the oldest settlements in Central and South Asia.
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سطر 472:
| year = 2011
| accessdate = 2012-11-04
}}{{مردہ ربط|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> ||
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سطر 520:
| [[شام]]
| {{Hs|-4,300 BC !}} [[Chalcolithic]] (4,300 BC or earlier)<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/picturegalleries/6242644/The-worlds-oldest-cities.html?image=17], Aleppo - telegraph.co.uk</ref>
| Evidence of habitation at the current site of Aleppo dates to about c. 8,000 years ago, although excavations at [[Tell Qaramel]], 25 kilometers north of the city show the area was inhabited about 13,000 years ago,<ref>[http://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/eco-tourism/photos/12-oldest-continuously-inhabited-cities/aleppo-syria] {{wayback|url=http://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/eco-tourism/photos/12-oldest-continuously-inhabited-cities/aleppo-syria |date=20150716032948 }}, tell qaramel</ref> the Temple of [[Hadad]] inside the [[Citadel of Aleppo|Citadel]] date to c. 2400 BC.<ref>[http://archive.archaeology.org/0911/features/syria_aleppo_temple_storm_god_citadel.html], hadad temple</ref>
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| [[دمشق]]
سطر 616:
| [[بین النہرین]]
| {{Hs|Iraq}}[[محافظہ کرکوک]], Iraq
| {{Hs|-2200 !}} 3000–2200 BC<ref>either [http://www.knn.u-net.com/kirkuk.htm The destruction of the Kirkuk Castle by the Iraqi regime.] {{wayback|url=http://www.knn.u-net.com/kirkuk.htm |date=20060504150112 }} or [http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/search/search.php?word=KIRKUK&enc=26253 History Channel] {{wayback|url=http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/search/search.php?word=KIRKUK&enc=26253 |date=20130403094534 }} for the earlier date</ref>
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سطر 653:
| [[اردن]]
| {{Hs|1878 !}} c. 1878
| Amman has been inhabited by several civilizations. The first civilization on record is during the [[جدید زمانہ پتھر]] period, around 7500 BC, when archaeological discoveries in [['Ain Ghazal]]. It was then destroyed by several earthquakes and natural disasters in the Middle Ages, and remained a small village and a pile of ruins for about 500 years, until the [[چیرکاسیا]]n settlement in 1878.<ref>
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سطر 688:
| {{Hs|Bul}}[[پلوودیف صوبہ]], [[بلغاریہ]]
| {{Hs|-3000 !}}3000<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/picturegalleries/6242644/The-worlds-oldest-cities.html?image=12 The World's Oldest Cities], [[روزنامہ ٹیلی گراف|The Daily Telegraph]]</ref> – 4000 BC<ref>Детев, П. ''Разкопки на Небет тепе в Пловдив'', ГПАМ, 5, 1963, pp. 27–30</ref><ref>Ботушарова, Л. ''Стратиграфски проучвания на Небет тепе'', ГПАМ, 5, 1963, pp. 66–70</ref>
| [[تھریس|Thracian]] foundation. Earliest evidence of a settlement dates back to 6000 BC.<ref name="Rodwell">{{cite book | last =Rodwell | first =Dennis | title =Conservation and Sustainability in Historic cities | publisher =Blackwell Publishing| year =2007 | isbn =1-4051-2656-6 | page =19}}</ref><ref>[http://www.acp-eucourier.info/Plovdiv-New-venture.1034.0.html Plovdiv: New ventures for Europe’s oldest inhabited city] {{wayback|url=http://www.acp-eucourier.info/Plovdiv-New-venture.1034.0.html |date=20110511233048 }}, The Courier, January/February 2010</ref>
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| [[کوتائیسی]]
سطر 774:
|[[Magna Graecia]]
|Italy
| {{Hs|-680 !}}c. 680 BC<ref name="greeknaples">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Greek_Naples.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Greek Naples|date=8 January 2008|access-date=2015-01-12|archive-date=2011-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611095615/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Greek_Naples.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Actually the date at which an older settlement close by, called ''Parthenope'', was founded by settlers from [[Cumae]]. This eventually merged with Neapolis proper, which was founded c. 470 BC.
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سطر 855:
| [[Évora]] || [[Lusitania]] || Portugal || {{Hs|-53 !}}53 BC (Roman conquest) || Evidence of [[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] settlement prior to Roman occupation.
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| [[پیرس]] ||[[Lutetia]]||France|| {{Hs|-52 !}}52 BC|| Archaeological evidence indicates human habitation as early as 4200 BC.<ref>[http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/ow_chrono.htm Pars.culture.fr]</ref> During the Gallic Wars, Caesar's armies set fire to Lutetia "a town of the Parisii, situated on an island on the river Seine."<ref>[http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=CaeComm.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=7&division=div2 Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic Wars] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120708095736/http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=CaeComm.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=7&division=div2 |date=2012-07-08 }}, book 7</ref> While only a garrison at best on the [[Île de la Cité]] during some periods after 1st and 2nd century, was renamed Paris in 360 AD<ref>[http://en.parisinfo.com/museums-monuments-paris/special-reports-1/paris-through-the-ages/guide/paris-through-the-ages_the-city-of-antiquity Parisinfo.com]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=c_cPAAAAYAAJ Classical Antiquities], by Johann Joachim Eschenburg, 1860, p 6</ref>
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| [[زیورخ]] ([[Lindenhof]]) || [[گول علاقہ]] || Switzerland || {{Hs|-50 !}}c. 50 BC || lakeside settlement traces dating to the Neolithic.
سطر 902:
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|[[ابرڈین]]||[[Pictland]]||UK (Scotland)|| {{Hs|580 !}}c. 580|| A settlement was established by c. 580 when records show the city's first church was built then. However, there is archaeological evidence of settlements in the area dating back to 6000BC.<ref>City of Aberdeen, http://www.scottishaccommodationindex.com/aberdeenpics.htm {{wayback|url=http://www.scottishaccommodationindex.com/aberdeenpics.htm |date=20061231140217 }}</ref>
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|[[ایڈنبرا]] as Din Eidyn||[[Gododdin]]||UK (Scotland)|| {{Hs|580 !}}c. 580|| Edinburgh is mention as a settlement in the poem [[Y Gododdin]], traditionally dated to the around the late 6th and early 7th century.<ref>Hurlstone K., and Jackson, A, (1969), [http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=CXr7Te7xMMqV8QPPo7yqCQ&ct=result&id=gJdiAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Gododdin:+The+Oldest+Scottish+Poem+(1969)+by+Kenneth+Hurlstone+Jackson;&q=Din+Eidyn#search_anchor The Gododdin: the oldest Scottish poem], Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. P. 4 – ISBN 978-0-85224-049-6</ref> The Poem uses The Brythonic name Din Eidyn (Fort of Eidyn) for Edinburgh and describes it as the capital of [[Gododdin]]. It is not until around 638 that the city starts being referred to as Edin-burh or Edinburgh, after the city was conquered by the [[Angles]] of [[Bernicia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/saxonadvent/edinburgh.html |title=Y Gododdin |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref>
سطر 910:
|[[اینورنس]]||[[Pictland]]||UK (Scotland)|| {{Hs|550 !}}c. 6th century||A settlement was established by the 6th century when [[St Columba]] visited the Pictish [[Bridei I of the Picts|King Brude]] at his fortress there.<ref>Lambert, T., A BRIEF HISTORY OF INVERNESS, SCOTLAND, http://www.localhistories.org/inverness.html</ref>
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|[[گلاسگو]]||[[Dál Riata]] or Alt Clut ||UK (Scotland)|| {{Hs|550 !}}c. 6th century||A settlement was founded in the 6th century<ref>Glasgows-timeline |(http://www.seeglasgow.com/seeglasgow/about-glasgow/glasgows-timeline {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20050415021912/http://www.seeglasgow.com/seeglasgow/about-glasgow/glasgows-timeline |date=2005-04-15 }}</ref> by St Mungo, who is the city's patron Saint.<ref>Saint Mungo | http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/plaza/aaj50/mungo.htm {{wayback|url=http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/plaza/aaj50/mungo.htm |date=20110622090126 }}</ref>
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|[[ایونیا]]||[[بازنطینی سلطنت]]||Greece|| {{Hs|565 !}}527–565||founded by emperor [[جسٹینین اول]]
سطر 938:
|[[Skara]] || || Sweden || {{Hs|988 !}}988 ||
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|[[لونڈ]] || Denmark || Sweden || {{Hs|990 !}}c. 990<ref>
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|[[ترونہائیم]] || [[ناروے]] || [[ناروے]] || {{Hs|997 !}}997 || Founded by king [[Olaf I of Norway|Olav Tryggvason]]. Archaeological findings of city settlement back to the 8th century.
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