"کرد-ترک تنازع (1978-تا حال)" کے نسخوں کے درمیان فرق

'''کرد – ترک تنازعہ''' {{Refn|The '''Turkey–PKK conflict''' is also known as the '''Kurdish conflict''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/13802 |title=Greener Pastures for Bruce Fein: The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey |publisher=Asiantribune.com |accessdate=15 April 2011 |archive-date=2018-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103134247/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/13802 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=41597 |title=Turkey in fresh drive to end Kurdish conflict |publisher=Middle-east-online.com |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403013002/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=41597 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.net/2010/06/04/turkey-looks-to-iraq-to-help-end-kurdish-conflict/ |title=Turkey looks to Iraq to help end Kurdish conflict |publisher=Euronews.net |date=16 June 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Head |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8359582.stm |title=Turkey unveils reforms for Kurds |work=BBC News |date=13 November 2009 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2008/oct/24/us-turkey-kurds-war |title=Nudging Turkey toward peace at home |newspaper=Guardian |date=3 January 2011 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |location=London |first=Stephen |last=Kinzer}}</ref> the '''Kurdish question''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-270565-would-turkey-intervene-in-syria.html |accessdate=5 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205220532/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-270565-would-turkey-intervene-in-syria.html |archivedate=5 February 2012 | title=Would Turkey intervene in Syria?|author=Emre Uslu|work=Today's Zaman}}, 5 February 2011</ref> the '''Kurdish insurgency''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/ocalan/bitterend.html |accessdate=10 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210050323/http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/ocalan/bitterend.html |archivedate=10 December 2008 | title=A Terrorist's Bitter End | date=1 March 1999 | work=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Birch |first=Nicholas |url=http://warincontext.org/2009/10/20/kurdish-rebels-surrender-as-turkey-reaches-out/ |title=Kurdish rebels surrender as Turkey reaches out&nbsp;— War in Context |publisher=Warincontext.org |date=20 October 2009 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2010/07/selective_partn/ |title=The Kurdish Issue and Turkey's Future |publisher=Thewashingtonnote.com |accessdate=15 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515044716/http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2010/07/selective_partn/ |archive-date=15 May 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[[بی بی سی نیوز]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8401583.stm Turkey may ban Kurdish DTP party]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-07/world/9903_07_turkey.kurds_1_kurdish-rebels-abdullah-ocalan-kurdistan-workers-party-pkk?_s=PM:WORLD |title=Kurdish rebels say they shot down Turkish helicopter |publisher=CNN.com |date=7 March 1999 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013051527/http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-07/world/9903_07_turkey.kurds_1_kurdish-rebels-abdullah-ocalan-kurdistan-workers-party-pkk?_s=PM:WORLD |archivedate=13 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/06/turkey-plot-general-idUSL6E8C61S020120106 | work=Reuters | title=Turkish military's best and brightest now behind bars | date=6 January 2012 | access-date=2020-09-07 | archive-date=2015-09-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161434/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/06/turkey-plot-general-idUSL6E8C61S020120106 | url-status=dead }}</ref> the '''Kurdish rebellion''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8765571.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105204607/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8765571.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Turkish crackdown fails to halt Kurdish rebellion |publisher=Highbeam.com |date=1 November 1992 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/turkey-and-iraq-seek-to-end-kurdish-rebellion |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914051655/http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/turkey-and-iraq-seek-to-end-kurdish-rebellion |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 September 2012 |title=Turkey and Iraq seek to end Kurdish rebellion |publisher=Thenational.ae |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2096923&Language=en |title=Turkey says determined to uproot Kurdish rebellion |publisher=Kuna.net.kw |date=25 June 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Tore Kjeilen |url=http://looklex.com/e.o/kurds.htm |title=Kurds |publisher=Looklex.com |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/7863/46/ |title=MINA Breaking News&nbsp;– Turkey marks 25 years of Kurd rebellion |publisher=Macedoniaonline.eu |date=15 August 2009 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315134156/http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/7863/46/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> the '''Kurdish–Turkish conflict''',<ref>{{cite journal|title=Nation–states and ethnic boundaries: modern Turkish identity and Turkish–Kurdish conflict| doi=10.1111/1469-8219.00065|volume=8| issue=4|journal=Nations and Nationalism|pages=549–564|year = 2002|last1 = Saatci|first1 = Mustafa| url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3f92b9bf2841d27b7265c0e0ac126ee314faf6de}}</ref> or '''PKK-terrorism'''<ref name="security"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003560/Turkey%20and%20PKK%20terrorism.pdf |title=TURKEY AND PKK TERRORISM |accessdate=15 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531224347/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003560/Turkey%20and%20PKK%20terrorism.pdf |archivedate=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/mfa-t-pkk.htm |title=A Report on the PKK and Terrorism |publisher=Fas.org |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> as well as the latest '''Kurdish uprising'''<ref name=mcdowall>McDowall, David. ''A modern History of the Kurds''. London 2005, pp 439 ff</ref> or as a '''civil war'''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/1996-02-23/news/17769255_1_kurdish-kurdistan-worker-s-party-turkish |title=Inside Turkey's Civil War, Fear and Geopolitics / For all sides, Kurd insurgency is risky business |publisher=Articles.sfgate.com |date=23 February 1996 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |first=Frank |last=Viviano}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/Publications/Cornell_Orbis.htm |title=The Kurdish Question In Turkish Politics |publisher=Cacianalyst.org |date=16 February 1999 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522191840/http://www.cacianalyst.org/Publications/Cornell_Orbis.htm |archivedate=22 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ivarfjeld.wordpress.com/2010/06/25/israeli-military-to-help-turkish-army-in-civil-war-against-kurds/ |title=Israeli military aid used by Turkish in civil war against Kurds |publisher=Ivarfjeld.wordpress.com |date=25 June 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/2/turkey3136.htm |title=Thousands of Kurds protest to support jailed Abdullah Ocalan in Strasbourg |publisher=Ekurd.net |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Helena Smith in Athens |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/11/iraq.kurds |title=Turkey told US will remove Kurd forces from city |work=Guardian |date=11 April 2003|accessdate=15 April 2011 |location=London}}</ref>}} جمہوریہ [[ترکی]] اور متعدد [[کرد]] باغی گروپوں کے مابین ایک مسلح تنازعہ ہے ، <ref>{{حوالہ ویب|title=TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ|url=http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html|accessdate=2016-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114042731/http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html|archivedate=14 January 2013}}</ref> جس نے آزاد [[کردستان]] ، <ref name="Freedom Falcons">{{حوالہ ویب|last=Brandon|first=James|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=936|title=The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK|publisher=Jamestown.org|accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> <ref name="security">{{حوالہ ویب|title=Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan [PKK]|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/pkk.htm|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|accessdate=23 July 2013}}</ref> یا [[خود مختاری|خود مختاری کے]] حصول کے لئے ترکی سے [[علاحدگی پسندی|علیحدگی]] کا مطالبہ کیا ہے <ref>{{حوالہ ویب|website=[[Press TV]]|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/142279.html|title=PKK ready to swap arms for autonomy|date=13 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914220711/http://www.presstv.ir/detail/142279.html|archivedate=14 September 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالہ ویب|url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/1/turkey3107.htm|title=Kurdish PKK leader: We will not withdraw our autonomy demand|publisher=Ekurd.net|accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> جمہوریہ ترکی کے اندر کردوں کے لئے زیادہ سے زیادہ سیاسی اور ثقافتی حقوق ۔ مرکزی باغی گروہ کردستان ورکرز پارٹی یا پی کے کے ( [[کردی زبان|کردش]] : ''پارٹیا کریکرن کردستان'' ) ہے۔ اگرچہ کرد ترک تنازعہ بہت سارے علاقوں میں پھیل چکا ہے ، <ref>{{حوالہ ویب|last=Jenkins|first=Gareth|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4463|title=PKK Expanding Urban Bombing Campaign in Western Turkey|publisher=Jamestown.org|accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> یہ تنازعہ زیادہ تر شمالی کردستان میں پیش آیا ہے ، جو جنوب مشرقی ترکی سے مطابقت رکھتا ہے۔ <ref name="IDMC">{{حوالہ ویب|last=Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC)&nbsp;– Norwegian Refugee Council|url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/F583DF6E49225B7F802570B8005AA873?OpenDocument|title=The Kurdish conflict (1984–2006)|publisher=Internal-displacement.org|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131234615/http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/F583DF6E49225B7F802570B8005AA873?OpenDocument|archivedate=31 January 2011}}</ref> عراقی کردستان میں پی کے کے کی موجودگی کا نتیجہ ہے کہ [[ترکی مسلح افواج|ترک مسلح افواج]] نے خطے میں متواتر زمینی حملہ اور فضائی اور توپ خانے حملے کیے۔ <ref>{{حوالہ ویب|url=http://www.panorama.am/en/news/2015/07/25/turkey-iraq-barzani/6227|title=Barzani Calls on Turkey to Stop Attacks on PKK|date=2015-07-25}}</ref> اور مغربی کردستان میں اس کے اثر و رسوخ نے وہاں بھی اسی طرح کی سرگرمی کا باعث بنا۔ اس تنازعہ نے ترکی کی معیشت کو 300 سے 450 [[امریکی ڈالر|ڈالر تک]] کا تخمینہ لگایا ہے &nbsp; ارب ، زیادہ تر فوجی اخراجات۔ اس نے ترکی میں سیاحت کو بھی متاثر کیا ہے ۔ <ref>[https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/studies4.htm PKK: Targets and activities], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)]], [[Federation of American Scientists]].</ref> <ref name="Turkey's safety">{{حوالہ ویب|last=Mutlu, Servet|year=2008|url=http://www.21yuzyildergisi.com/assets/uploads/files/87.pdf|title=Türkiye'nin güvenliği: Ayrılıkçı PKK Terörünün Ekonomik Maliyeti|language=Turkish|trans-title=The security of Turkey: Economic cost of separatist PKK terrorism|accessdate=24 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035852/http://www.21yuzyildergisi.com/assets/uploads/files/87.pdf|archivedate=5 March 2016}}</ref>