"فہرست نسل کشی بلحاظ اموات" کے نسخوں کے درمیان فرق

|[[Indonesian genocide]]{{Refn|group=N|name=NPKI|<ref>{{cite book | author = Robert Cribb | year = 2004 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=LoQo50YPzTUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA133#v=onepage | title = The Indonesian Genocide of 1965–1966 | editor = [[Samuel Totten]] | work = Teaching about Genocide: Approaches, and Resources | publisher = [[Information Age Publishing]] | pages = 133–143 | isbn = 1-59311-074-X}}</ref><ref name=Melvin>{{cite journal |last1=Melvin |first1=Jess |year=2017 |title=Mechanics of Mass Murder: A Case for Understanding the Indonesian Killings as Genocide |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=487–511 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2017.1393942 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Robinson2018" />{{Rp|4}} '''Indonesian Communist Purge'''، '''Indonesian politicide'''، <ref>{{cite web |last1=Roosa |first1=John |title=The 1965–66 Politicide in Indonesia: Toward Knowing Who Did What to Whom and Why |url=http://aparc.fsi.stanford.edu/southeastasia/events/1965-66-politicide-indonesia-toward-knowing-who-did-what-whom-and-why |website=Stanford |access-date=2020-09-26 |archive-date=2018-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214002350/https://aparc.fsi.stanford.edu/southeastasia/events/1965-66-politicide-indonesia-toward-knowing-who-did-what-whom-and-why |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Indonesian Politicide of 1965–66: How Could it Have Happened? |url=https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/events/indonesian-politicide-1965-66-how-could-it-have-happened |publisher=Maastricht University}}</ref> (or the '''1965 Tragedy''') were large-scale killings and [[civil unrest]] that occurred in [[انڈونیشیا]] over several months, targeting communist sympathizers, [[Chinese Indonesians|ethnic Chinese]] and alleged leftists, often at the instigation of the armed forces and government. It began as an [[anti-communist]] [[purge]] following a controversial attempted ''[[مسلح بغاوت]]'' by the [[30 ستمبر Movement]] in Indonesia. The most widely published estimates were that 500,000 to more than one million people were killed,<ref name="Robinson2018">{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html |location= |publisher=[[مطبع جامعہ پرنسٹن]] |page= |isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3 |author-link=}}</ref><ref name=jesme>{{cite book |last=Melvin |first=Jess |date=2018 |title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694 |location= |publisher=[[روٹلیج]] |page=1 |isbn=978-1-138-57469-4 |author-link=}}</ref><ref name="Blumenthal80">{{cite book | author = Mark Aarons | year = 2007 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&lpg=PA80&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false | title = Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide | editor1 = David A. Blumenthal | editor2 = Timothy L. H. McCormack | layurl= http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance | work = The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? | chapter = International Humanitarian Law | publisher = [[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] | isbn = 978-9004156913 | page = 80}}</ref><ref name="indoholo">{{cite journal| url = http://time.com/4055185/indonesia-anticommunist-massacre-holocaust-killings-1965 | title = The Memory of Savage Anticommunist Killings Still Haunts Indonesia, 50 Years On | journal = Time | first = YENNI | last = KWOK | date = 2015-09-30}}</ref> with some more recent estimates going as high as two to three million.<ref name="Indonesia's killing fields">{{cite news | url = http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2012/12/2012121874846805636.html | title = Indonesia's killing fields | work = [[الجزیرہ]] | date = 2012-12-21 | accessdate = 2016-01-24 | archive-date = 2015-02-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150214005113/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2012/12/2012121874846805636.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=Gellat>{{cite book |last1=Gellately |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Gellately |last2=Kiernan |first2=Ben | author-link2 = Ben Kiernan |date=جولائی 2003 | title = The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective | url = http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/specter-genocide-mass-murder-historical-perspective |location= |publisher=[[کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k9Ro7b0tWz4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA290#v=onepage&q&f=false 290–291] |isbn=978-0-521-52750-7 |access-date=19 اکتوبر 2015}}</ref> The purge was a pivotal event in the [[Transition to the New Order|transition to the "New Order"]] and the elimination of the [[Communist Party of Indonesia|Indonesian Communist Party]] (PKI) as a political force, with impacts on the global [[سرد جنگ]]۔{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} The upheavals led to the fall of [[President of Indonesia|President]] [[Sukarno]] and the commencement of [[سہارتو]]'s three-decade [[authoritarian]] presidency.}}