"فلسطینی قوم" کے نسخوں کے درمیان فرق

 

'''فلسطینی قوم''' ([[عربی زبان|عربی]]: '''الشعب الفلسطيني''') ، جنہیں عام بطور پر '''فلسطینی''' یا '''فلسطینی عرب''' بھی کہا جاتا ہے، '''فلسطینی''' ایک [[نسلیت|نسلی گروہ]] ہیں<ref>Tamara Cofman Wittes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kSrWfRY9DqcC&pg=PA5 ''How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate: A Cross-cultural Analysis'']، US Institute of Peace Press, 2005 p.5.</ref><ref>Hassan Jabareen, 'The Future of Arab Citizenship in Israel:Jewish-Zionist Time in as Place with No Palestinian memory'، in Daniel Levy, Yfaat Weiss (eds.)، [https://books.google.com/books?id=s9_KHjmm6ssC&pg=PA214 ''Challenging Ethnic Citizenship: German and Israeli Perspectives on Immigration'']، Berghahn Books, 2002 p.214.</ref><ref>Mir Zohair Hussain, Stephan Shumock, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uqYDX_4XQscC&pg=PA284 'Ethnonationalism: A Concise Overview’]، in Santosh C. Saha,''Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict: Primal Violence Or the Politics of Conviction''، Lexington Books 2006 pp.269ff p.284 :’The Palestinians ۔ ۔ ۔are an ethnic minority in their country of residence.’</ref><ref>Riad Nasser, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bA5aJDgGjR8C&pg=PA69 ''Palestinian Identity in Jordan and Israel: The Necessary “Others” in the Making of a Nation'']، Routledge 2013:’What is noteworthy here is the use of a general category ‘Arabs,’ instead of a more specific one of "Palestinians." By turning to a general category, the particularity of Palestinians, among other ethnic and national groups, is erased and in its place Jordanian identity is implanted.'</ref><ref>Oded Haklai, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jTuxZA-sFiwC&pg=PA112 ''Palestinian Ethnonationalism in Israel'']، University of Pennsylvania Press 2011 pp.112–145.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Acculturation, religious identity, and psychological well-being among Palestinians in Israel|journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations|date=2009|doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.05.006|volume=33|issue=4|pages=325–331|last1=Abu-Rayya|first1=Hisham Motkal|last2=Abu-Rayya|first2=Maram Hussien}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moilanen-Miller|first1=Heather|title=The Construction of Identity through Tradition: Palestinians in the Detroit Metro Area|journal=International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Science|pages=143–150|url=http://www.iji.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.88/prod.823|access-date=2020-04-11|archive-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092821/http://www.iji.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.88/prod.823|url-status=dead}}</ref> ان لوگوں کے مقابلے جو جدید نسل پر مشتمل ہیں اور صدیوں سے مسلسل [[فلسطین]] میں مقیم ہیں اور جو آج کل ثقافتی اور لسانی لحاظ سے عرب ہیں۔<ref name="Dowty">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrcoTW_vKDUC&pg=PA221|title=Israel/Palestine|author=Dowty, Alan|publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7456-4243-7|location=London, UK|page=221|quote=Palestinians are the descendants of all the indigenous peoples who lived in Palestine over the centuries; since the seventh century, they have been predominantly Muslim in religion and almost completely Arab in language and culture.|author-link=Alan Dowty}}</ref><ref>'Palestinians are an indigenous people who either live in, or originate from, historical Palestine.۔. Although the Muslims guaranteed security and allowed religious freedom to all inhabitants of the region, the majority converted to Islam and adopted Arab culture.' Bassam Abu-Libdeh, Peter D. Turnpenny, and Ahmed Teebi, ‘Genetic Disease in Palestine and Palestinians’، in Dhavendra Kuma (ed.) ''Genomics and Health in the Developing World''، OUP 2012 pp.700–711, p.700.</ref><ref>[[داوید بن گوریون]] and [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]] claimed that the population at the time of the Arab conquest was mainly Christian, of Jewish origins, which underwent conversion to avoid a tax burden, basing their argument on 'the fact that at the time of the Arab conquest, the population of Palestine was mainly Christian, and that during the Crusaders’ conquest some four hundred years later, it was mainly Muslim. As neither the Byzantines nor the Muslims carried out any large-scale population resettlement projects, the Christians were the offspring of the Jewish and Samaritan farmers who converted to Christianity in the Byzantine period; while the Muslim fellaheen in Palestine in modern times are descendants of those Christians who were the descendants of Jews, and had turned to Islam before the Crusaders’ conquest.’ [[Moshe Gil]]، ''A History of Palestine, 634–1099'' Cambridge University Press, (1983) 1997 pp.222–3</ref><ref>'The process of Arabization and Islamization was gaining momentum there. It was one of the mainstays of Umayyad power and was important in their struggle against both Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula.۔.۔ Conversions arising from convenience as well as conviction then increased. These conversions to Islam, together with a steady tribal inflow from the desert, changed the religious character of Palestine's inhabitants. The predominantly Christian population gradually became predominantly Muslim and Arabic-speaking. At the same time, during the early years of Muslim control of the city, a small permanent Jewish population returned to [[یروشلم]] after a 500-year absence.' [[دائرۃ المعارف بریٹانیکا]]، ''Palestine''،[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439645/Palestine/45060/From-the-Arab-conquest-to-1900 'From the Arab Conquest to 1900,']۔</ref><ref name="Lewis">{{cite book|title=Semites and Anti-Semites, An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice|url=https://archive.org/details/semitesantisemit0000lewi_n3m3|author=Bernard Lewis|publisher=W.W. Norton and Company|year=1999|isbn=978-0-393-31839-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/semitesantisemit0000lewi_n3m3/page/169 169]}}</ref><ref>'While population transfers were effected in the Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian periods, most of the indigenous population remained in place. Moreover, after Jerusalem was destroyed in AD 70 the population by and large remained ''in situ,'' and did so again after Bar Kochba's revolt in AD 135. When the vast majority of the population became Christian during the Byzantine period, no vast number were driven out, and similarly in the seventh century, when the vast majority became Muslim, few were driven from the land. Palestine has been multi-cultural and multi ethnic from the beginning, as one can read between the lines even in the biblical narrative. Many Palestinian Jews became Christians, and in turn Muslims. Ironically, many of the forebears of Palestinian Arab refugees may well have been Jewish.'[[Michael Prior (theologian)|Michael Prior]]،''Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry,'' Psychology Press 1999 p.201</ref><ref>'the word 'Arab' needs to be used with care. It is applicable to the Bedouin and to a section of the urban and effendi classes; it is inappropriate as a description of the rural mass of the population, the fellaheen. The whole population spoke Arabic, usually corrupted by dialects bearing traces of words of other origin, but it was only the Bedouin who habitually thought of themselves as Arabs. Western travelers from the sixteenth century onwards make the same distinction, and the word 'Arab' almost always refers to them exclusively&nbsp;۔.۔ Gradually it was realized that there remained a substantial stratum of the pre-Israelite peasantry, and that the oldest element among the peasants were not 'Arabs' in the sense of having entered the country with or after the conquerors of the seventh century, had been there already when the Arabs came.' [[James Parkes (clergyman)|James Parkes]]، ''Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine,''(1949) rev.ed. Penguin, 1970 pp.209–210.</ref> تعریف میں وہ نسلی یہودی اور سامری شامل ہیں جو اس تعریف کے مطابق ہیں۔ مختلف جنگوں اور واقعات کے باوجود ([[فلسطینی نکبت|جیسے 1948ء میں]])، دنیا کی فلسطینی آبادی کا نصف حصہ اب بھی تاریخی فلسطین میں مقیم ہے، یہ علاقہ [[مغربی کنارہ|مغربی کنار]]<nowiki/>ہ ، [[غزہ پٹی]] اور [[اسرائیل]] کا احاطہ کرتا ہے۔<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/262680379|title=Encyclopedia of diasporas : immigrant and refugee cultures around the world|last=|first=|date=2005|publisher=Springer|others=Ember, Melvin.، Ember, Carol R.، Skoggard, Ian A.، 1953-، Human Relations Area Files, inc.|year=|isbn=978-0-387-29904-4|location=New York|pages=pp. 234|oclc=262680379}}</ref> ان مشترکہ علاقے میں، 2005ء تک، فلسطینیوں نے تمام باشندوں میں سے49٪ تشکیل دی، <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief004-19.htm|title="What is the True Demographic Picture in the West Bank and Gaza? – A Presentation and a Critique"|date=|accessdate=|website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|publisher=|last=|first=}}</ref> غزہ کی پٹی کی پوری آبادی (1.865 ملین) کو محیط ہے، [[مغربی کنارہ|مغربی کنارے]] کی آبادی کی اکثریت (تقریبا 2,785,000 بمقابلہ 600,000 یہودی اسرائیلی شہری، جس میں مشرقی یروشلم میں تقریبا 200,000 شامل ہیں) اور اسرائیل کی 20.95% آبادی اسرائیل کے عرب شہریوں کی حیثیت سے مناسب ہے۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/latest-population-statistics-for-israel|title=Vital Statistics: Latest Population Statistics for Israel|date=|accessdate=|website=jewish virtual library|publisher=|last=|first=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MEE2Erm6qIMC&pg=PA110&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Critical Issues in Israeli Society|last=Dowty|first=Alan|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=|isbn=978-0-275-97320-9|location=|pages=pp. 110|language=en}}</ref> بہت سے فلسطینی مہاجر ہیں غزہ کی پٹی میں دس لاکھ سے زیادہ شامل فلسطینی کو شامل کرکے۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip|title="Where We Work – Gaza Strip"|date=|accessdate=|website=unrwa.org|publisher=|last=|first=}}</ref> تقریبا 750,000 [[مغربی کنارہ|مغربی کنارے]] میں<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank|title=west bank|date=|accessdate=|website=unrwa.org|publisher=|last=|first=}}</ref> اور تقریبا 250,000 اسرائیل میں۔ فلسطینی آبادی میں سے جو بیرون ملک مقیم ہیں، جنھیں فلسطینی تارکین وطن کہا جاتا ہے، نصف سے زیادہ غیر شہری ہیں، جن کے پاس کسی بھی ملک میں شہریت نہیں ہے۔ <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35280864|title=Refugees into citizens : Palestinians and the end of the Arab-Israeli conflict|last=Arzt, Donna E.|first=|date=1997|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations Press|year=|isbn=0-87609-194-X|location=New York|pages=pp. 74|oclc=35280864}}</ref> ہمسایہ ملک [[اردن]] میں 2.1 سے 3.24 ملین کے درمیان رہائشی افراد رہتے ہیں،<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan|title=jordan|date=|accessdate=|website=unrwa.org|publisher=|last=|first=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_PalestiniansEOY2012E.pdf|title="Palestinians at the end of 2012"|date=|accessdate=|website=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics|publisher=|last=|first=}}</ref> [[سرزمین شام|شام]] اور [[لبنان]] کے مابین 1 ملین سے زیادہ رہائش پذیر اور 750,000 کے قریب [[سعودی عرب]] میں رہتے ہیں، [[چلی]] کے نصف ملین مشرق وسطی سے باہر سب سے بڑی حراستی کی نمائندگی کرتے ہیں۔