"مشکلات (شمالی آئرلینڈ)" کے نسخوں کے درمیان فرق
حذف شدہ مندرجات اضافہ شدہ مندرجات
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سطر 2:
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|image=|caption=The Aftermath of the [[Mountainview Tavern bombing 1975|Mountainview Tavern gun & bomb attack]] which killed 5 & injured 60 in a Belfast pub
|date=1968–1998<ref>[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/faq/faq2.htm Frequently Asked Questions – The Northern Ireland Conflict] {{wayback|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/faq/faq2.htm |date=20101206192850 }}, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2017.</ref><ref>Arthur Aughey. ''The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement'', p. 7; {{آئی ایس بی این|978-0-415-32788-6}}.<!-- publishing info needed --></ref><ref name="Ireland 1999, page 221">"The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance."<br />Jack Holland: ''Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland.'' Henry Holt & Company, 1999, p. 221; {{آئی ایس بی این|0-8050-6087-1}}</ref><ref name="Northern Ireland Conflict' page 250">Gordon Gillespie, ''Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict'', p. 250; {{آئی ایس بی این|978-0-8108-5583-0}}.</ref>
|place = [[شمالی آئرلینڈ]]<br/><small>Violence occasionally spread to the [[جمہوریہ آئرلینڈ]], England, and [[Continental Europe|mainland Europe]] </small>
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سطر 41:
Irish Army: 1<br />Gardaí: 9<br />[[Irish Prison Service|IPS]]: 1<br />'''Total''': 11<ref name=suttonstatus/>
|casualties2 = PIRA: 291<br />INLA: 39<!--including PLA--><br />OIRA: 27<br />IPLO: 9<br />RIRA: 2<br />'''Total''': 368<ref name=suttonstatus/>
|casualties3 = UDA: 91<br />UVF: 62<br />RHC: 4<br />LVF: 3<br />UR: 2<ref>[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/organ/uorgan.htm Organizations: U] {{wayback|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/organ/uorgan.htm |date=20110222030139 }} (look under "Ulster Resistance"). [[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] (CAIN)</ref><br />'''Total''': 162<ref name=suttonstatus/>
|notes = <big>'''Civilians killed:''' 1,841<ref name=statsum>[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status_Summary.html Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland: Status summary] {{wayback|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status_Summary.html |date=20150824193436 }}. [[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] (CAIN)</ref> <small>(or 1,935 inc. ex-combatants)<ref name=suttonstatus/></small><br /><center>'''Total dead: 3,532'''<ref name=statsum/><br />'''Total injured: 47,500+'''<ref>[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/security.htm#05 Security and defence-related statistics] {{wayback|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/security.htm#05 |date=20101206105455 }}. [[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] (CAIN)</ref> <br /> '''All casualties:''' around 50,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/topics/troubles_violence|title=History – The Troubles – Violence|publisher=BBC|accessdate=26 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226063212/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/topics/troubles_violence|archivedate=2018-12-26|url-status=live}}</ref></center></big>}}
'''مشکلات''' ({{Lang-en|The Troubles}}) ({{lang-ga|Na Trioblóidí}}) [[بیسویں صدی]] کے آخر میں [[شمالی آئر لینڈ]] میں ایک ایک نسلی-قوم پرستی تنازع تھا۔ <ref name=CMitchell>{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Claire|title=Religion, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|date=2013|page=5|quote=The most popular school of thought on religion is encapsulated in McGarry and O'Leary's ''Explaining Northern Ireland'' (1995), and it is echoed by Coulter (1999) and Clayton (1998). The central argument is that religion is an ethnic marker, but that it is not generally politically relevant in and of itself. Instead, ethnonationalism lies at the root of the conflict. Hayes and McAllister (1999a) point out that this represents something of an academic consensus.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=John McGarry & Brendan O'Leary|title=Explaining Northern Ireland|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|date=15 June 1995|page=18|isbn=978-0-631-18349-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Northern Ireland and the Politics of Reconciliation|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521459334|editor=Dermot Keogh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=28 January 1994|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521459334/page/55 55]–59|isbn=978-0-521-45933-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.passia.org/seminars/2004/John-Coakley-Ireland-Seminar.htm|title=ETHNIC CONFLICT AND THE TWO-STATE SOLUTION: THE IRISH EXPERIENCE OF PARTITION|author=John Coakley|accessdate=15 February 2009|quote=...these attitudes are not rooted particularly in religious belief, but rather in underlying ethnonational identity patterns.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66doFx4nE?url=http://www.passia.org/seminars/2004/John-Coakley-Ireland-Seminar.htm|archivedate=3 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
اسے [[بین الاقوامی]] طور پر [[شمال آئرلینڈ تنازع]] ({{Lang-en|Northern Ireland conflict}}) کے طور پر بھی جانا جاتا ہے، <ref name="Gloss">[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/glossary.htm#T A Glossary of Terms Related to the Conflict] {{wayback|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/glossary.htm#T |date=20101206091809 }}. [[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] (CAIN). Quote: "The term 'the Troubles' is a euphemism used by people in Ireland for the present conflict. The term has been used before to describe other periods of Irish history. On the CAIN web site the terms 'Northern Ireland conflict' and 'the Troubles', are used interchangeably."</ref><ref>Joanne McEvoy. ''The Politics of Northern Ireland''. Edinburgh University Press, 2008. p. 1.<!--ISBN needed--> Quote: "the Northern Ireland conflict, known locally as 'the Troubles', endured for three decades and claimed the lives of more than 3,500 people".</ref><ref>David McKittrick & David McVea. ''Making Sense of the Troubles: A History of the Northern Ireland Conflict''. Penguin, 2001.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref><ref>Gordon Gillespie. ''The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict''. Scarecrow Press, 2009. <!--ISBN needed--></ref><ref>Aaron Edwards & Cillian McGrattan. ''The Northern Ireland Conflict: A Beginner's Guide''. Oneworld Publications, 2012.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref>
ایک "[[گوریلا جنگ]]" یا "کم سطحی جنگ" تھی۔ <ref>{{cite web|title=Who Won The War? Revisiting NI on 20th anniversary of ceasefires|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-29369805|publisher=BBC|accessdate=26 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226063214/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-29369805|archivedate=2018-12-26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7249681.stm|title=Troubles 'not war' motion passed|publisher=BBC|date=18 February 2008|accessdate=3 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226063230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7249681.stm|archivedate=2018-12-26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_Yr6i0_9Hs#t=435|title=Frost over the World – "7:19 Paisley Describes Troubles As War"|publisher=YouTube|date=28 March 2008|accessdate=3 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226063231/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_Yr6i0_9Hs#t=435|archivedate=2018-12-26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Northern Ireland peace process: ending the troubles?|url=https://archive.org/details/northernirelandp00henn|last=Hennessey|first=Thomas|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2001|isbn=0312239491|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northernirelandp00henn/page/48 48]}}</ref><ref>Arthur Aughey. ''The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement'', p. 7; {{ISBN|978-0-41532-788-6}}.<!-- publishing info needed --></ref><ref>Gordon Gillespie. ''Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict'' p. 250; {{ISBN|978-0810855830}}</ref><ref name="elliot">Marianne Elliot. ''The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University.'' University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press, 2007, pp. 2, 188; {{ISBN|1-84631-065-2}}.</ref><ref>Michael Goodspeed. ''When reason fails: Portraits of armies at war: America, Britain, Israel, and the future.'' Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, pp. 44, 61; {{ISBN|0-275-97378-6}}</ref>
سطر 53:
== بیرونی روابط ==
{{زمرہ کومنز|Northern Ireland Troubles}}
* [http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections Northern Ireland Elections Archive] {{wayback|url=http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections |date=20110927044312 }}
* [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ Northern Ireland Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN Project)]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/troubles/index.shtml BBC Northern Ireland: The Troubles]
* [http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/troubles/index.htm The Troubles – Statistical Analysis]
سطر 66:
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24987465 Interview with undercover soldiers by BBC dated 21 November 2013]
* [http://player.bfi.org.uk/film/watch-belfast-no-way-out-1970/ Belfast: No Way Out (1970) on BFI Player]{{wayback|url=http://player.bfi.org.uk/film/watch-belfast-no-way-out-1970/ |date=20170712122750 }}
* [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch72.htm Timeline of events]
{{معلومات کتب خانہ}}
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