رائے شماری

رائے شماری، جسے اکثر محض ایک پول یا سروے کہا جاتا ہے، ایک خاص نمونے سے عوامی رائے کا انسانی تحقیقی سروے ہوتا ہے۔ رائے عامہ کے جائزوں کو عام طور پر سوالات کا ایک سلسلہ چلا کر اور پھر تناسب یا اعتماد کے وقفوں کے اندر عمومیات کو بڑھا کر آبادی کی رائے کی نمائندگی کرنے کے لیے ڈیزائن کیا جاتا ہے۔ ایک شخص جو رائے شماری کرتا ہے اسے پولسٹر کہا جاتا ہے۔

حوالہ جات

Asher, Herbert: Polling and the Public. What Every Citizen Should Know (4th ed. CQ Press, 1998)
Bourdieu, Pierre, "Public Opinion does not exist" in Sociology in Question, London, Sage (1995).
Bradburn, Norman M. and Seymour Sudman. Polls and Surveys: Understanding What They Tell Us (1988).
Cantril, Hadley. Gauging Public Opinion (1944) online.
Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds. Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls online
Converse, Jean M. Survey Research in the United States: Roots and Emergence 1890-1960 (1987), the standard history.
Crespi, Irving. Public Opinion, Polls, and Democracy (1989).
Gallup, George. Public Opinion in a Democracy (1939).
Gallup, Alec M. ed. The Gallup Poll Cumulative Index: Public Opinion, 1935-1997 (1999) lists 10,000+ questions, but no results.
Gallup, George Horace, ed. The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935-1971 3 vol (1972) summarizes results of each poll.
Geer, John Gray. Public opinion and polling around the world: a historical encyclopedia (2 vol. Abc-clio, 2004)
Glynn, Carroll J., Susan Herbst, Garrett J. O'Keefe, and Robert Y. Shapiro. Public Opinion (1999) textbook
Lavrakas, Paul J. et al. eds. Presidential Polls and the News Media (1995)
Moore, David W. The Superpollsters: How They Measure and Manipulate Public Opinion in America (1995).
Niemi, Richard G., John Mueller, Tom W. Smith, eds. Trends in Public Opinion: A Compendium of Survey Data (1989).
Oskamp, Stuart and P. Wesley Schultz; Attitudes and Opinions (2004).
Robinson, Claude E. Straw Votes (1932).
Robinson, Matthew Mobocracy: How the Media's Obsession with Polling Twists the News, Alters Elections, and Undermines Democracy (2002).
Rogers, Lindsay. The Pollsters: Public Opinion, Politics, and Democratic Leadership (1949).
Traugott, Michael W. The Voter's Guide to Election Polls 3rd ed. (2004).
James G. Webster, Patricia F. Phalen, Lawrence W. Lichty; Ratings Analysis: The Theory and Practice of Audience Research Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000.
Young, Michael L. Dictionary of Polling: The Language of Contemporary Opinion Research (1992).

اضافی حوالہ جات

Brodie, Mollyann, et al. "The Past, Present, And Possible Future Of Public Opinion On The ACA: A review of 102 nationally representative public opinion polls about the Affordable Care Act, 2010 through 2019." Health Affairs 39.3 (2020): 462–470.
Dyczok, Marta. "Information wars: hegemony, counter-hegemony, propaganda, the use of force, and resistance." Russian Journal of Communication 6#2 (2014): 173–176.
Eagly, Alice H., et al. "Gender stereotypes have changed: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of US public opinion polls from 1946 to 2018." American psychologist 75.3 (2020): 301+. online
Fernández-Prados, Juan Sebastián, Cristina Cuenca-Piqueras, and María José González-Moreno. "International public opinion surveys and public policy in Southern European democracies." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 35.2 (2019): 227–237. online^{[مردہ ربط]}
Kang, Liu, and Yun-Han Chu. "China's Rise through World Public Opinion: Editorial Introduction." Journal of Contemporary China 24.92 (2015): 197–202; polls in US and China
Kim So Young, Wolinsky-Nahmias Yael (2014)۔ "Cross-national public opinion on climate change: the effects of affluence and vulnerability"۔ Global Environmental Politics۔ 14 (1): 79–106۔ doi:10.1162/glep_a_00215
Murphy, Joe, et al. "Social Media in Public Opinion Research: Report of the AAPOR Task Force on Emerging Technologies in Public Opinion Research." American Association for Public Opinion Research (2014). online

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