معاونت:پڑھنا لکھنا دشوار؟ (لینکس گنوم)

Gnome

لینکس کے زیر فونٹ کی تنصیب اور اردو کلیدی تختہ مجاز کرنے کی ہدایات

Help on installing fonts and enabling the Urdu keyboard under Linux

فونٹ کی تنصیب Install font

NafeesWebNaskh.ttf زیراثقال کرو اور اسے Desktop راہنامچہ پر (یا کہیں اور) محفوظ کر لو۔ آپ کو NafeesWeb.zip ملف کو unzip کرنا ہو گا۔

For Ubuntu, simply do

$ sudo apt-get install ttf-nafees

others:

Download the font file "NafeesWebNaskh.ttf" from http://crulp.org and save it on the Desktop directory (or somewhere). You will need to unzip the "NafeesWeb.zip" file.

..........................................................اردو میں یہاں لکھو

Open the file manager "nautilus"
Press CTRL-L to open location, and type "fonts:/" in the dialog box.
Copy the file "NafeesWeb.ttf" into this fonts folder.

فونٹ نصف کرنے کے بعد تصدیق کے لیے gedit چلاؤ اور اس میں settings میں Nafees یا Nafees Web Naskh فونٹ کا انتخاب کرو اور اردو لکھ کر دیکھو۔ لکھنے کے لیے اردو کلیدی تختہ نصب ہونا ضروری ہے۔ فائرفاکس کا ورژن 3.0 (یا زیادہ) نفیس فونٹ کے کام کرنے کے لیے ہونا ضروری ہے۔

اسی طرح "علوی نستعلیق" فونٹ زِیر اثقال کر کے نصب کرو۔

You can check the font in "gedit" by selecting the Nafees font in the "settings" and write with the Urdu keyboard. The "Nafees Web Naskh" font works on Firefox (version 3.0 or later).

In the same fashion, download and install "Alvi Nastaleeq" font.

اردو کلیدی تختہ تنصیب \ Install Urdu keyboard

مرکز تحقیقات اردو کے اردو صوتی کلیدی تختہ کا نقشہ / CRULP phonetic Urdu keyboard layout v1.0
فائل:CRULP Phonetic Urdu Keyboard V1.0 No Shift.png SHIFT کلید کے بغیر	فائل:CRULP Phonetic Urdu Keyboard V1.0 Shift.png SHIFT کلید کے ساتھ

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NOTE: The Urdu keyboard may already be installed in your Linux distro as "pk". In that case skip the following installation steps, and jump to the "Enable Urdu keyboard" section below.

You need root priveleges for the following steps:

Note to Ubuntu Users: Since by default the "root" account is disabled

on Ubuntu, all commands requiring root access have to be preceeded by "sudo" e.g.,
$ sudo gedit /etc/X11/xkb/symbols/xorg.conf

The keyboard configuration file is simply a text file. Get ur_universal (copy/paste into a text editor) and save it as ur_universal.txt in a local directory. Or you can get the file in a terminal as:

wget http://urdutext.cwahi.net/urdutext/ur_universal.txt

Copy this file "ur_universal.txt" in to the directory
/etc/X11/xkb/symbols/
as "ur". Note the filename should be "ur" without any extension. On some distros (Redhat, CentOS) the directory is
/usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/
instead. This file contains three layouts:
- phonetic ^[1]
- www.crulp.org, phonetic ^[2]
- www.nla.gov.pk ^[3]

Make an entry for the Urdu keyboard in the file
/etc/X11/xkb/rules/xorg.lst
if you are using X form X.org. Otherwise, the file to edit is
/etc/X11/xkb/rules/xfree86.lst
(in case the X is from Xfree86). In this file, find the section marked

! layout

us US English

......................

And add the following line (if it is not already there):

ur Urdu

Save the file.

Skip the following command-line steps and jump to enabling the layout in Gnome. If the "ur" layout does not appear in the graphical menu setting there, you can come back to the following later.
Open a terminal (xterm, konsole, etc). And issue the following commands (as root):

# cd /etc/X11/xkb/symbols

 # /usr/X11R6/bin/xkbcomp  -lhlpR  '*'  -o  ../symbols.dir

The keyboard should now appear in the Gnome control center's keyboard menu, where it can be enabled.

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The following steps are performed as a normal user.

Open a terminal (by right clicking anywhere on the desktop and selecting "open terminal").
Change to your home directory as:

$ cd

Change to the following directory (notice the dot at the start):

$ cd .gconf/desktop/gnome/peripherals/keyboard/kbd

Edit the file "%gconf.xl" in this directory using a text-editor:

$ gedit %gconf.xml

Locate the following section in the file:

        <entry name="layouts" mtime="1227395181" type="list" ltype="string">
                <li type="string">
                        <stringvalue>us</stringvalue>
                </li>
        </entry>

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Now add the entry for the Urdu keyboard, so that the above section looks like below:

        <entry name="layouts" mtime="1227395181" type="list" ltype="string">
                <li type="string">
                        <stringvalue>us</stringvalue>
                </li>
                <li type="string">
                        <stringvalue>ur	CRULP</stringvalue>
                </li>
        </entry>

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Notice above that we have picked the CRULP variant of the "ur" keyboard. Also there is a tab between the words "ur" and "CRULP."
Save the file and exit the editor.
Close Gnome desktop (CTRL-ALT-BACKSPACE) and re-login.

اردو کلیدی تختہ مجاز \ Enable Urdu keyboard

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NOTE: If you are enabling the Urdu keyboard that came with your Linux distro, it would be called "pk" instead of "ur". Thus in the following use "pk" instead of "ur".

Right click on the deskbar and add choose "Add to panel". Now pick the keyboard indicator.

فائل:Gnome-keyboard-properties.png

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From the desk menu, start "System/Preferences/Keyboard" (or by typing gnome-keyboard-properties in the terminal). The "ur" keyboard should be visible in the "Layouts" tab. In the "Layouts options" tab, under "Group shift/Lock behavior" choose a suitable key combination such as "SHIFT-CAPSLOCKُ" for keyboard switching. Similary, under "Third level choosers" pick a suitable key such as the "Right-ALT" key.

مزید

مزید مدد برائے فونٹ More Help on enforcing proper fonts
Keyboard customization
Wikipedia Urdu Keyboard gadget
کلاوارو Urdu touch typing tutor software

حوالہ جات References

[1] Urdu text phonetic layout

[2] CRULP phonetic layout

[3] MS Windows XP layout (NLA)

[1]

[2]

[3]