"گوتھس لوگ" کے نسخوں کے درمیان فرق

گوتھوں کو جدید اسکالرشپ میں ایک [[جرمن لوگ|جرمن لوگوں]] کے طور پر درجہ بندی کیا گیا ہے۔ <ref name="Heather_OCD">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Heather|2012}}. "Goths, a Germanic people, who, according to Jordanes' Getica, originated in Scandinavia. The Cernjachov culture of the later 3rd and 4th cents. AD beside the Black Sea, and the Polish and Byelorussian Wielbark cultures of the 1st–3rd. cents. ad, provide evidence of a Gothic migration down the Vistula to the Black Sea, but no clear trail leads to Scandinavia."</ref> <ref name="Heather_ODLA">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Heather|2018}}. "a Germanic tribe whose name means 'the people', first attested immediately south of the Baltic Sea in the first two centuries."</ref> <ref name="Pritsak_ODB">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pritsak|2005}}. Goths... a Germanic people..."</ref> <ref name="Thompson_EB">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thompson|1973}}. "Goths, a Germanic people described by Roman authors of the 1st century a.d. as living in the neighbourhood of the mouth of the Vistula river."</ref> <ref name="Dictionaries">{{حوالہ ویب|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Goth|title=Goth|series=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|accessdate=22 March 2021|quote=Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people that overran the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era|archivedate=5 March 2021-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305013340/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Goth|url-status=bot: unknown}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[mwod:Goth|"Goth"]]. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. [[میریام ویبسٹر|Merriam-Webster]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210305013340/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Goth Archived] from the original on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people that overran the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era</q></cite>; {{حوالہ ویب|url=https://www.wordreference.com/definition/Goth|title=Goth|year=2021|website=[[WordReference.com]]|series=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]|publisher=[[Random House]]|accessdate=22 March 2021|quote=Goth... [O]ne of a Teutonic people who in the 3rd to 5th centuries invaded and settled in parts of the Roman Empire.|archivedate=2 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202205126/https://www.wordreference.com/definition/Goth}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.wordreference.com/definition/Goth "Goth"]. ''[[WordReference.com]]''. [[رینڈم ہاؤس ویبسٹر کی انبریجڈ ڈکشنری|Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]. [[رینڈم ہاؤس|Random House]]. 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191202205126/https://www.wordreference.com/definition/Goth Archived] from the original on 2 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Goth... [O]ne of a Teutonic people who in the 3rd to 5th centuries invaded and settled in parts of the Roman Empire.</q></cite>; {{حوالہ ویب|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/goth|title=Goth|year=2010|series=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World College Dictionary]]|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|accessdate=22 March 2021|quote=Goth... [A]ny member of a Germanic people that invaded and conquered most of the Roman Empire in the 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries a.d.|archivedate=27 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427105627/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/goth}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/goth "Goth"]. [[ویبسٹر کی نئی دنیا کی لغت|Webster's New World College Dictionary]]. [[ہنگٹن مفلن ہرکورٹ|Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]. 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210427105627/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/goth Archived] from the original on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Goth... [A]ny member of a Germanic people that invaded and conquered most of the Roman Empire in the 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries a.d.</q></cite>; {{حوالہ ویب|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/goth|title=Goth|website=[[Lexico]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|accessdate=22 March 2021|quote=Goth... A member of a Germanic people that invaded the Roman Empire from the east between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The eastern division, the Ostrogoths, founded a kingdom in Italy, while the Visigoths went on to found one in Spain.|archivedate=2021-07-25 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725071316/https://www.lexico.com/definition/goth|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210725071316/https://www.lexico.com/definition/goth "Goth"]. ''[[لیکسیکو|Lexico]]''. [[اوکسفرڈ یونیورسٹی پریس|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [https://www.lexico.com/definition/goth the original] {{wayback|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/goth |date=20210725071316 }} on 25 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Goth... A member of a Germanic people that invaded the Roman Empire from the east between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The eastern division, the Ostrogoths, founded a kingdom in Italy, while the Visigoths went on to found one in Spain.</q></cite>; {{حوالہ ویب|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Goth|title=Goth|year=2016|website=[[The Free Dictionary]]|series=[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|accessdate=22 March 2021|quote=Goth... A member of a Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era.|archivedate=29 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329092356/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Goth}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Goth "Goth"]. ''[[مفت ڈکشنری|The Free Dictionary]]''. [[انگریزی زبان کی امریکی ورثہ لغت|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]. [[ہنگٹن مفلن ہرکورٹ|Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]. 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210329092356/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Goth Archived] from the original on 29 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Goth... A member of a Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era.</q></cite>; {{حوالہ ویب|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Goth|title=Goth|year=2016|website=[[The Free Dictionary]]|series=Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary|publisher=[[Random House]]|accessdate=22 March 2021|quote=Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people settled N of the Black Sea in the 3rd century a.d., who, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, established kingdoms in Spain and Italy.|archivedate=29 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329092356/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Goth}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Goth "Goth"]. ''[[مفت ڈکشنری|The Free Dictionary]]''. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. [[رینڈم ہاؤس|Random House]]. 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210329092356/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Goth Archived] from the original on 29 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people settled N of the Black Sea in the 3rd century a.d., who, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, established kingdoms in Spain and Italy.</q></cite></ref> برگنڈیوں ، [[وانڈال|وینڈلز]] اور دیگر کے ساتھ ان کا تعلق [[مشرقی جرمن زبانیں|مشرقی جرمن]] گروپ سے ہے۔ <ref name="Fulk_2018_19">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Fulk|2018}}. "[A] number of named early Germanic groups are to be counted among the East Germanic peoples... Usually included in this group are Goths (among whom are probably to be counted Gepids, Greuthingi, and Thervingi), Bastarnae, Burgundians, Heruli, Rugii, Sciri, Silingi, and Vandals."</ref> <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Murdoch|Read|2004}}. "The Goths, another East Germanic group like the Vandals and the Burgundians, had originated (by tradition) in Scandinavia, and are attested at an early stage at the mouth of the Vistula in modern Poland."</ref> <ref name="Collins">{{حوالہ ویب|url=https://www.wordreference.com/definition/Goth|title=Goth|website=[[WordReference.com]]|series=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Concise English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins|HarperCollins Publishers]]|accessdate=22 March 2021|quote=Goth... [A] member of an East Germanic people from Scandinavia who settled south of the Baltic early in the first millennium ad. They moved on to the Ukrainian steppes and raided and later invaded many parts of the Roman Empire from the 3rd to the 5th century.|archivedate=2 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202205126/https://www.wordreference.com/definition/Goth}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.wordreference.com/definition/Goth "Goth"]. ''[[WordReference.com]]''. [[کولنز انگریزی ڈکشنری|Collins Concise English Dictionary]]. [[ہائپر کولنز|HarperCollins Publishers]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191202205126/https://www.wordreference.com/definition/Goth Archived] from the original on 2 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Goth... [A] member of an East Germanic people from Scandinavia who settled south of the Baltic early in the first millennium ad. They moved on to the Ukrainian steppes and raided and later invaded many parts of the Roman Empire from the 3rd to the 5th century.</q></cite></ref> قدیم ازمنہ قدیم کے رومی مصنفین نے گوتھوں کو ''جرمن'' کے طور پر درجہ بندی نہیں کیا۔ <ref name="Wolfram_5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wolfram|2005}}. "While the Gutones, the Pomeranian precursors of the Goths, and the Vandili, the Silesian ancestors of the Vandals, were still considered part of Tacitean Germania, the later Goths, Vandals, and other East Germanic tribes were differentiated from the Germans and were referred to as Scythians, Goths, or some other special names. The sole exception are the Burgundians, who were considered German because they came to Gaul via Germania. In keeping with this classification, post-Tacitean Scandinavians were also no longer counted among the Germans, even though they were regarded as close relatives."</ref> <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Halsall|2014}} "Goths, who have in recent decades become something of a paradigm for 'Germanic migrations', spoke a Germanic language but they were not considered Germani by Graeco-Roman authors, who usually saw them as 'Scythians' or as descendants of other peoples recorded in the same region like the Getae."</ref> <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Goffart|1989}}. "Goths, Vandals, and Gepids, among others, never called themselves German or were regarded as such by late Roman observers."</ref> <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Goffart|2010}} "The use of "German" waned sharply in late antiquity, when, for example, it was mainly reserved by Roman authors as an alternative to "Franks" and never applied to Goths or the other peoples living in their vicinity at the eastern end of the Danube."</ref> جدید اسکالرشپ میں گوتھوں کو بعض اوقات ''جرمن'' کہا جاتا ہے۔ <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Heather|2010}}. "Goths, Rugi and other Germani... Goths but also of some other Germani, notably Heruli... Germani such as the Vandals or Goths..."</ref> <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Heather|2007}}. "Militarized freedmen among the Germani appear in sixth- and seventh-century Visigothic and Frankish law codes."</ref> <ref name="James_Krmnicek_XV">{{Harvard citation no brackets|James|Krmnicek|2020}}. "They also became aware of some groups regarded as Germani, notably the Goths, migrating south-eastwards during the early centuries AD towards the Black Sea."</ref>