"1982ء کی جنگ لبنان" کے نسخوں کے درمیان فرق
حذف شدہ مندرجات اضافہ شدہ مندرجات
م روبالہ مساوی زمرہ جات (22): + زمرہ:1982ء کے تنازعات |
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سطر 1:
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
جنگ لبنان 1982 سے مراد لبنان پر اسرائیلی حملے کو کہا جاتا ہے جو 6 جون 1982ء کو شروع ہوا جب اسرائیل نے جنوبی لبنان سے حملہ کیا۔ جسکا مقصد ابو ندال نامی تنظیم کے خلاف قدم اٹھانا تھا۔▼
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=1982 Lebanon War
|partof=the [[Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon]] ([[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]) and [[Lebanese Civil War]]
|image=[[File:Lebanese Army, Beirut, Lebanon 1982.jpg|300px]]
|caption=Lebanese troops in Beirut, 1982
|date=6 June 1982 – June 1985<br><small>(main phase June–September 1982)</small>
|place=Southern [[Lebanon]]
|result=Israeli strategic failure<ref>[http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/History/Pages/Operation%20Peace%20for%20Galilee%20-%201982.aspx The Lebanon War: Operation Peace for Galilee (1982)], Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 4 February 2014.</ref><br/>Syrian political advantage<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1987/SGC.htm Globalsecurity.org, THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE IN LEBANON, 1982–1985], Major George C. Solley, Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 10 May 1987. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
:''"The third goal was to remove Syrian presence from Lebanon. The recognition that this goal was obviously unsuccessful must betempered by an awareness of the Lebanese situation since 1982. Even when the first two aims seemed to have been met, Syrian recalcitrance acted as a stumbling blocks the Syrians would by nomeans agree to a withdrawal from Lebanon in conjunction with the Israelis and therefore were able to effectively scuttle the 17 May, Agreement between Israel and Lebanon before it had any chance of fulfillment; Syria offered a haven for PLO fighters in the Bekaa Valley from which they could stage raids on the IDF in Lebanon and from which many have now moved back into Beirut and Sidon; and despite having taken severe losses during the June fighting, Syria was able to quickly replace those losses with better Soviet equipment accompanied by a number of Soviet advisors."''</ref>
* [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]] expulsion from Lebanon<ref>{{cite book|last=Hirst|first=David|title=Beware of Small States|publisher=NationBooks|year=2010|isbn=978-1-56858-657-1|pages= 144–145|quote=In time, however, Arafat and his guerrilla leadership decided that they would have to withdraw, leaving no military and very little political or symbolic presence behind. Their enemy's firepower and overall strategic advantage were too great and it was apparently ready to use them to destroy the whole city over the heads of its inhabitants. The rank and file did not like this decision, and there were murmurings of 'treason' from some of Arafat's harsher critics. Had they not already held out, far longer than any Arab country in any former war, against all that the most powerful army in the Middle East – and the fourth most powerful in the world, according to Sharon – could throw against them? (...) But [Palestinians] knew that, if they expected too much, they could easily lose [Lebanense Muslim support] again. 'If this had been Jerusalem', they said, 'we would have stayed to the end. But Beirut is not outs to destroy.}}</ref>
* Collapse of [[Maronite]]-Israeli alliance, failure to achieve Lebanese-Israeli peace<ref name = "Morris">[[#refMorris1999|Morris, p. 559]]</ref>
* Increased Syrian influence in Lebanon
* [[South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)|Continued conflict]] between Israel & [[South Lebanon Army|SLA]] vs [[Hezbollah]] over South Lebanon
|casus=Two main causes:
* [[Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon|Guerilla raids]] on northern Israel by [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]] [[guerrilla]] based in Lebanon
* the [[Shlomo Argov|shooting of Israel's ambassador]] by the [[Abu Nidal Organization]]<ref>"Israel invades Lebanon in response to terrorist attacks by PLO guerrillas based there", ''[[USA Today]]'' (cited in guardian.co.uk, Facts on File, AP).</ref><ref>{{cite book
|author = Carnes, Mark C.; Garraty, John A.
|title = The American Nation
|publisher = Pearson Education
|year = 2006
|location = US
|page = 903
|isbn = 0-321-42606-1
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|author= ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''
|title = The Year in Review
|publisher = Time Books
|year = 2006
|location = New York |id = ISSN: 1097-5721
}}
"For decades now, Arab terrorists operating out of southern Lebanon have staged raids and fired mortar shells into northern Israel, denying the Israelis peace of mind. In the early 1980s, the terrorists operating out of Lebanon were controlled by Yasser Arafat's [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (P.L.O.). After Israel's ambassador to Britain, Shlomo Argov, was shot in cold blood and seriously wounded by the Palestinian terror group Abu Nidal in London in 1982, fed-up Israelis sent tanks and troops rolling into Lebanon to disperse the guerrillas." (pp. 44–45)</ref> The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) had been launching guerrilla attacks against Israel since the 1960s (see [[Palestine Liberation Organization]]). After the PLO was [[Black September in Jordan|driven]] from Jordan in 1971, the organization established bases in southern Lebanon, from which it continued to attack Israel. In 1981 heavy PLO rocket fire on Israeli settlements led Israel to conduct air strikes in Lebanon. The Israelis also destroyed Iraq's nuclear reactor at [[Daura]] near [[Baghdad]].
Israel attempted to destroy the PLO forces by bombing southern Lebanon and Beirut on 5 June 1982.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-203066 "Israel – War in Lebanon"]. ''Britannica Student Encyclopedia''. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 13 April 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.photius.com/countries/israel/national_security/israel_national_security_1982_invasion_of_leb~47.html "Israel 1982 Invasion of Lebanon"], The [[Library of Congress Country Studies]]; [[CIA World Factbook]] via [[Photius Coutsoukis]]. "Since 1970, Israeli settlements near the southern border of Lebanon had been exposed to harassing attacks from forces of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which had been driven out of Jordan. On three occasions, in 1970, 1972, and 1978, Israel had retaliated by ground operations carried out up to Lebanon's Litani River. ... Meanwhile Israel had conducted preemptive shelling and air strikes to deter PLO terrorist attacks on settlements in Galilee in northern Israel."</ref><ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107652.html Israel], [[Infoplease]]. "The PLO had long plagued Israelis with terrorist actions."</ref>
| territory=Self-proclaimed [[Free Lebanon State]] slowly transforms into [[South Lebanon security belt|South Lebanon Security Zone]]
|combatant1={{flag|Israel|size=22px}}<br>{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanese Front]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Kataeb Party.svg|size=20px}} [[Kataeb Party|Phalange]]
* [[File:Al-Tanzim logo.png|15px]] [[al-Tanzim]]
[[Free Lebanon State]]
|combatant2=[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|23px|border]] [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]]<br>{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syria]]<br>{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanese National Resistance Front|Jammoul]]<br/> [[File:InfoboxHez.PNG|22px|border]] [[Hezbollah]]<br/>
[[File:Flag of the Amal Movement.svg|22px|border]] [[Amal Movement|Amal]]<br/> [[File:Flag of Mourabitoun.gif|22px|border]] [[Al-Mourabitoun]]
{{collapsible list
| title = <small>And others...</small>
|[[File:Flag of the Amal Movement.svg|20px|border]] [[Islamic Amal]]
|[[File:Flag of the ASALA.png|20px|border]] [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia|ASALA]]
|[[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|20px|border]] [[Islamic Unification Movement|Al-Tawhid]]
|[[File:Kd pkk1.PNG|20px|border]] [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]]<ref name="PKK1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/pkk-pr.cfm |title=In the Spotlight: PKK (A.k.a KADEK) Kurdish Worker's Party |publisher=Cdi.org |accessdate=29 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="PKK2">{{cite web|url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~kicadam/kurdistan/2_99/ocalan.html |title=Abdullah Öcalan en de ontwikkeling van de PKK |publisher=Xs4all.nl |accessdate=29 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="PKK3">{{cite web|url=http://www.niqash.org/content.php?contentTypeID=75&id=2285&lang=0 |title=a secret relationship |publisher=Niqash.org |accessdate=29 February 2012}}</ref>
}}
|commander1='''Israel:'''<br>[[Menachem Begin]] <br>(Prime Minister)<br>[[Ariel Sharon]]<br> (Ministry of Defence)<br> [[Rafael Eitan]] <br>(Army Chief of Staff)<br>[[David Ivry]]<br> (Israeli Air Force)<br>[[Ze'ev Almog]]<br> (Israeli Sea Corps)<hr />'''Phalange:'''<br> [[Bachir Gemayel]] <br> [[Fadi Frem]] <br>[[Elie Hobeika]]<hr /> '''Al-Tanzim:''' <br>[[Fawzi Mahfuz]]<hr />'''SLA:'''<br>[[Saad Haddad]]
|commander2='''PLO:'''<br>[[Yasser Arafat]]<br>(Chairman of the PLO)<hr />'''Syria:'''<br> [[Hafez al-Assad]]<br>(President)<br>[[Mustafa Tlass]]<br>(Minister of Defense)<hr />'''LCP:'''<br>[[George Hawi]] <br>[[Elias Atallah]]<hr/>'''Hezbollah:'''<br/>[[Abbas al-Musawi]]<hr />'''Al-Mourabitoun:'''<br>[[Ibrahim Kulaylat]]<hr />'''Amal:'''<br> [[Nabih Berri]]<hr />'''ASALA:'''<br>[[Monte Melkonian]]<hr />'''PKK:'''<br>[[Mahsum Korkmaz]]<hr />'''Others:''' <br>[[Muhsin Ibrahim]]<br>[[Abbas al-Musawi]]<br> [[Ragheb Harb]]<br>[[Murat Karayılan]]<br>[[Inaam Raad]]<br>[[Said Shaaban]]
|strength1='''Israel:'''<br>78,000 troops<br>800 tanks<br>1,500 APCs<br>634 aircraft<br>'''LF''':<br>30,000 troops<br>'''SLA''':<br>5,000 troops<br>97 tanks
|strength2='''Syria:'''<br>22,000 troops<br>352 tanks<br>300 APCs<br>450 aircraft<br>300 artillery pieces<br>100 anti-aircraft guns<br>125 SAM batteries<br>'''PLO:'''<br>15,000 troops<br>80 tanks<br>150 APCs<br>350+ artillery pieces<br>250+ anti-aircraft guns
|casualties1='''Israel''': 657 dead, 3,887 wounded<ref name="books.google.no">[http://books.google.no/books?id=MByXVROQBn0C&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=657+israel+lebanon+war&source=bl&ots=5Rs1ppoDcZ&sig=or2nh4muiOwdD8IFQBMPCUgKfq4&hl=no&sa=X&ei=mdvwUqq1E8SStAa3wYHQDA&ved=0CIsBEOgBMAk#v=onepage&q=657%20israel%20lebanon%20war&f=false Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East], Gad Barzilai, pp. 148</ref>
|casualties2='''Syrian & Palestinian combatants''':<br> See [[#Casualties|Casualties]] below.
|casualties3='''Civilians:''' See [[#Casualties|Casualties]] below.
▲}}جنگ لبنان 1982 سے مراد لبنان پر اسرائیلی حملے کو کہا جاتا ہے جو 6 جون 1982ء کو شروع ہوا جب اسرائیل نے جنوبی لبنان سے حملہ کیا۔ جسکا مقصد ابو ندال نامی تنظیم کے خلاف قدم اٹھانا تھا۔
[[زمرہ:1982ء کے تنازعات]]
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