راستافاری

راستافاری (انگریزی: Rastafari)، جسے راستافارییت (انگریزی: Rastafarianism) بھی کہا جاتا ہے، ایک ایسا مذہب ہے جو جمیکا میں 1930ء کی دہائی میں تیار ہوا۔ مذہبی کے علما اسے ایک نئی مذہبی تحریک اور سماجی تحریک دونوں کے طور پر درجہ بند کیا گیا ہے۔ تحریک کے کنٹرول میں کوئی مرکزی اتھارٹی نہیں ہے اور بجاآور کے درمیان بہت زیادہ تنوع موجود ہے، جنہیں رستافاری، رستافرین، یا رستا کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے۔

راستفاری اکثر ایتھوپیا کے شاہی پرچم کا دعویٰ کرتے ہیں جیسا کہ ہائلی سلاسی کے دور میں استعمال ہوتا تھا۔ یہ یہوداہ کے فاتح شیر کو جو کہ ایتھوپیا کی بادشاہت کی علامت ہے، کو سبز، سونے اور سرخ کے ساتھ جوڑتا ہے۔

مصادر

• Banton، Michael (1989). "Are Rastafarians an Ethnic Group?". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 16 (1): 153–157. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1989.9976167. 
• Barnett، Michael (2002). "Rastafari Dialectism: The Epistemological Individualism and Conectivism of Rastafari". Caribbean Quarterly. 48 (4): 54–61. JSTOR 40654296. doi:10.1080/00086495.2002.11672160. 
• Barnett، Michael (2005). "The Many Faces of Rasta: Doctrinal Diversity within the Rastafari Movement". Caribbean Quarterly. 51 (2): 67–78. JSTOR 40654506. doi:10.1080/00086495.2005.11672267. 
• Barnett، Michael (2006). "Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam". Journal of Black Studies. 36 (6): 873–893. JSTOR 40034350. doi:10.1177/0021934705279611. 
• Barrett، Leonard E. (1997) [1988]. The Rastafarians. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1039-6. 
• Bedasse، Monique (2010). "Rasta Evolution: The Theology of the Twelve Tribes of Israel". Journal of Black Studies. 40 (5): 960–973. JSTOR 40648616. doi:10.1177/0021934708320135. 
• Bedasse، Monique (2013). ""To Set-Up Jah Kingdom" Joshua Mkhululi, Rastafarian Repatriation, and the Black Radical Network in Tanzania". Journal of Africana Religions. 1 (3): 293–323. JSTOR 10.5325/jafrireli.1.3.0293. doi:10.5325/jafrireli.1.3.0293. 
• Benard، Akeia A. (2007). "The Material Roots of Rastafarian Marijuana Symbolism". History and Anthropology. 18 (1): 89–99. doi:10.1080/02757200701234764. 
• Bonacci، Giulia (2013). "The Ethiopian World Federation: A Pan-African Organisation among the Rastafari in Jamaica". Caribbean Quarterly. 59 (2): 73–95. doi:10.1080/00086495.2013.11672484. 
• Campbell، Horace (1980). "The Rastafarians in the Eastern Caribbean". Caribbean Quarterly. 26 (4): 42–61. JSTOR 40795021. doi:10.1080/00086495.1980.11829316. 
• Campbell، Horace (1988). "Rastafari as Pan Africanism in the Caribbean and Africa". African Journal of Political Economy. 2 (1): 75–88. JSTOR 23500303. 
• Cashmore، E. Ellis (1981). "After the Rastas". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 9 (2): 173–181. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1981.9975679. 
• Cashmore، E. Ellis (1983). Rastaman: The Rastafarian Movement in England (ایڈیشن second). London: Counterpoint. ISBN 978-0-04-301164-5. 
• Cashmore، E. Ellis (1984). "The Decline of the Rastas?". Religion Today. 1 (1): 3–4. doi:10.1080/13537908408580533. 
• Cashmore، E. Ellis (1989). "The Dawkins Case: Official Ethnic Status for Rastas". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 16 (1): 158–160. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1989.9976168. 
• Chawane، Midas H. (2014). "The Rastafarian Movement in South Africa: A Religion or Way of Life?". Journal for the Study of Religion. 27 (2): 214–237. JSTOR 24799451. 
• Chevannes، Barry (1990). "Rastafari: Towards a New Approach". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 64 (3): 127–148. JSTOR 24027221. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002020. 
• Chevannes، Barry (1994). Rastafari: Roots and Ideology. Utopianism and Communitarianism Series. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0296-5. 
• Clarke، Peter B. (1986). Black Paradise: The Rastafarian Movement. New Religious Movements Series. Wellingborough: The Aquarian Press. ISBN 978-0-85030-428-2. 
• Edmonds، Ennis B. (2012). Rastafari: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: اوکسفرڈ یونیورسٹی پریس. ISBN 978-0-19-958452-9. 
• Eyre، L. Alan (1985). "Biblical Symbolism and the Role of Fantasy Geography Among the Rastafarians of Jamaica". Journal of Geography. 84 (4): 144–148. doi:10.1080/00221348508979381. 
• Fernández Olmos، Margarite؛ Paravisini-Gebert، Lizabeth (2011). Creole Religions of the Caribbean: An Introduction from Vodou and Santería to Obeah and Espiritismo (ایڈیشن second). New York and London: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6228-8. 
• Forsythe، Dennis (1980). "West Indian Culture through the Prism of Rastafarianism". Caribbean Quarterly. 26 (4): 62–81. JSTOR 40795022. doi:10.1080/00086495.1980.11829317. 
• Francis، Wigmoore (2013). "Towards a Pre-History of Rastafari". Caribbean Quarterly. 59 (2): 51–72. doi:10.1080/00086495.2013.11672483. 
• Gjerset، Heidi (1994). "First Generation Rastafari in St. Eustatius: A Case Study in the Netherlands Antilles". Caribbean Quarterly. 40 (1): 64–77. JSTOR 40653876. doi:10.1080/00086495.1994.11671808. 
• سانچہ:Cite contribution
• Grant، Colin (2008). Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-09-950145-9. 
• Hamid، Ansley (2002). The Ganja Complex: Rastafari and Marijuana. Lanham: Lexington. ISBN 978-0-7391-0360-9. 
• Hansing، Katrin (2001). "Rasta, Race and Revolution: Transnational Connections in Socialist Cuba". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 27 (4): 733–747. doi:10.1080/13691830120090476. 
• Hansing، Katrin (2006). "Rastafari in a Different Kind of Babylon: The Emergence and Development of the Rastafari Movement in Socialist Cuba". Caribbean Studies. 34 (1): 61–84. JSTOR 25613510. 
• Ifekwe، B. Steiner (2008). "Rastafarianism in Jamaica as a Pan-African Protest Movement". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 17: 106–122. JSTOR 41857150. 
• Kebede، Alemseghed؛ Knottnerus، J. David (1998). "Beyond the Pales of Babylon: The Ideational Components and Social Psychological Foundations of Rastafari". Sociological Perspectives. 41 (3): 499–517. JSTOR 1389561. doi:10.2307/1389561. 
• King، Stephen A. (1998). "International Reggae, Democratic Socialism, and the Secularization of the Rastafarian Movement, 1972–1980". Popular Music and Society. 22 (3): 39–60. doi:10.1080/03007769808591713. 
• King، Stephen A. (2002). Reggae, Rastafari, and the Rhetoric of Social Control. Jackson: یونیورسٹی پریس آف مسیسپی. ISBN 978-1-60473-003-6. 
• Kitzinger، Sheila (1966). "The Rastafarian Brethren of Jamaica". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 9 (1): 33–39. JSTOR 177835. doi:10.1017/S0010417500004321. 
• Kitzinger، Sheila (1969). "Protest and Mysticism: The Rastafari Cult of Jamaica". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 8 (2): 240–262. JSTOR 1384337. doi:10.2307/1384337. 
• Lake، Obiagele (1994). "The Many Voices of Rastafarian Women: Sexual Subordination in the Midst of Liberation". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 68 (3): 235–257. JSTOR 41849613. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002652. 
• Lewis، William F. (1993). Soul Rebels: The Rastafari. Long Grove: Waveland Press. ISBN 978-0-88133-739-6. 
• Lewis، William F. (1994). "The Social Drama of the Rastafari". Dialectical Anthropology. 19 (2): 283–294. JSTOR 29790562. doi:10.1007/BF01301458. 
• Loadenthal، Michael (2013). "Jah People: The Cultural Hybridity of White Rastafarians". Glocalism. 1 (2013, 1): 1–21. doi:10.12893/gjcpi.2013.1.1. 
• MacLeod، Erin C. (2014). Visions of Zion: Ethiopians and Rastafari in the Search for the Promised Land. New York and London: New York University Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-8224-3. 
• Merritt، Anthony (2017). "How Can We Sing King Alpha's Song in a Strange Land?: The Sacred Music of the Boboshanti Rastafari". Journal of Africana Religions. 5 (2): 282–291. doi:10.5325/jafrireli.5.2.0282. 
• Mhango، Mtendeweka Owen (2008). "The Constitutional Protection of Minority Religious Rights in Malawi: The Case of Rastafari Students". Journal of African Law. 52 (2): 218–244. JSTOR 27608008. doi:10.1017/S0021855308000107. 
• Middleton، Darren J. N. (2006). "As it is in Zion: Seeking the Rastafari in Ghana, West Africa". Black Theology. 4 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1558/blth.2006.4.2.151. 
• Newland، Arthur (2013). "Rastafari in the Grenada Revolution". Social and Economic Studies. 62 (3): 205–226. JSTOR 24384487. 
• Ntombana، Luvuyo؛ Maganga، Stewart (2020). "In Search of Identity: Being a Rastafarian in Democratic Malawi". Pharos Journal of Theology. 101 (47): 1–12. ISSN 2414-3324. 
• Partridge، Christopher (2004). The Re-Enchantment of the West Volume. 1: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture. London: T&T Clark International. ISBN 978-0-567-08408-8. 
• Pereira، Joseph (1998). "Babylon to Vatican: Religion in the Dance Hall". Journal of West Indian Literature. 8 (1): 31–40. JSTOR 23019814. 
• Pollard، Velma (1980). "Dread Talk: The Speech of the Rastafarian in Jamaica". Caribbean Quarterly. 26 (4): 32–41. JSTOR 40795020. doi:10.1080/00086495.1980.11829315. 
• Pollard، Velma (1982). "The Social History of Dread Talk". Caribbean Quarterly. 28 (4): 117–140. JSTOR 40653574. doi:10.1080/00086495.1982.11829332. 
• Rommen، Timothy (2006). "Protestant Vibrations? Reggae, Rastafari, and Conscious Evangelicals". Popular Music. 25 (2): 235–263. JSTOR 3877561. doi:10.1017/S026114300600081X. 
• Rowe، Maureen (1980). "The Woman in Rastafari". Caribbean Quarterly. 26 (4): 13–21. JSTOR 40795018. doi:10.1080/00086495.1980.11829313. 
• Rubenstein، Hannah؛ Suarez، Chris (1994). "The Twelve Tribes of Israel: An Explorative Field Study". Religion Today. 9 (2): 1–6. doi:10.1080/13537909408580708. 
• Sabelli، Sonia (2011). "'Dubbing di Diaspora': Gender and Reggae Music inna Babylon". Social Identities. 17 (1): 137–152. doi:10.1080/13504630.2011.531910. 
• Salter، Richard C. (2005). "Sources and Chronology in Rastafari Origins: A Case of Dreads in Rastafari". Nova Religio. 9 (1): 5–31. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2005.9.1.005. doi:10.1525/nr.2005.9.1.005. 
• Savishinsky، Neil J. (1994). "The Baye Faal of Senegambia: Muslim Rastas in the Promised Land?". Africa. 64 (2): 211–219. JSTOR 1160980. doi:10.2307/1160980. 
• Savishinsky، Neil J. (1994b). "Rastafari in the Promised Land: The Spread of a Jamaican Socioreligious Movement among the Youth of West Africa". African Studies Review. 37 (3): 19–50. JSTOR 524901. doi:10.2307/524901. 
• Semaj، Leahcim (2013). "From Peace and Love to 'Fyah Bun': Did Rastafari Lose its Way?". Caribbean Quarterly. 59 (2): 96–108. doi:10.1080/00086495.2013.11672485. 
• سانچہ:Cite contribution
• Simpson، George Eaton (1955). "The Ras Tafari Movement in Jamaica: A Study of Race and Class Conflict". Social Forces. 34 (2): 167–171. JSTOR 2572834. doi:10.2307/2572834. 
• Simpson، George Eaton (1985). "Religion and Justice: Some Reflections on the Rastafari Movement". Phylon. 46 (4): 286–291. JSTOR 274868. doi:10.2307/274868. 
• سانچہ:Cite contribution
• Turner، Terisa E. (1991). "Women, Rastafari and the New Society: Caribbean and East African Roots of a Popular Movement against Structural Adjustment". Labour, Capital and Society/Travail, Capital et Société. 24 (1): 66–89. JSTOR 43157919. 
• Wakengut، Anastasia (2013). "Rastafari in Germany: Jamaican Roots and Global-Local Influences". Student Anthropologist. 3 (4): 60–83. doi:10.1002/j.sda2.20130304.0005. 
• Warner-Lewis، Maureen (1993). "African Continuities in the Rastafari Belief System". Caribbean Quarterly. 39 (3): 108–123. JSTOR 40653864. doi:10.1080/00086495.1993.11671798. 
• Watson، G. Llewellyn (1973). "Social Structure and Social Movements: The Black Muslims in the U. S. A. and the Ras-Tafarians in Jamaica". The British Journal of Sociology. 24 (2): 188–204. JSTOR 588377. doi:10.2307/588377. 
• Watson، G. Llewellyn (1974). "Patterns of Black Protest in Jamaica: The Case of the Ras-Tafarians". Journal of Black Studies. 4 (3): 329–343. JSTOR 2783660. doi:10.1177/002193477400400307. 
• White، Carmen M. (2010). "Rastafarian Repatriates and the Negotiation of Place in Ghana". Ethnology. 49 (4): 303–320. JSTOR 41756635. 
• Williams، Quentin (2017). "Bark, Smoke and Pray: Multilingual Rastafarian-Herb Sellers in a Busy Subway". Social Semiotics. 27 (4): 474–494. doi:10.1080/10350330.2017.1334397. hdl:10566/4131. 
• Wittmann، Frank (2011). "The Global–Local Nexus: Popular Music Studies and the Case of Rastafari Culture in West Africa". Critical Arts. 25 (2): 150–174. doi:10.1080/02560046.2011.569058. 

مزید پڑھنا

• Barnett، Michael (2017). The Rastafari Movement: A North American and Caribbean Perspective. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-68215-3. 
• Bonacci، Giulia (2015). Exodus! Heirs and Pioneers, Rastafari Return to Ethiopia. Mona: یونیورسٹی آف ویسٹ انڈیز. ISBN 978-9766405038. 
• Campbell، Horace (2007). Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney (ایڈیشن fourth). Watton-at-Stone: Hansib Publications. ISBN 978-1-906190-00-2. 
• Edmonds، Ennis B. (2008). Rastafari: From Outcasts to Cultural Bearers. Oxford and New York: اوکسفرڈ یونیورسٹی پریس. ISBN 978-0-19-534048-8. 
• Lake، Obiagele (1998). Rastafari Women: Subordination in the Midst of Liberation Theology. Durham: Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-89089-836-9. 
• Lee، Hélène (2004). First Rasta: Leonard Howell and the Rise of Rastafarianism. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-558-2. 
• Pollard، Velma (2000). Dread Talk: The Language of the Rastafari (ایڈیشن revised). Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2030-1. 
• Price، Charles (2009). Becoming Rasta: Origins of Rastafari Identity in Jamaica. New York City: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6747-4. 

بیرونی روابط

• کرلی (ڈی موز پر مبنی) پر راستافاری
• Rastafarianism profile at the World Religion and Spirituality Project (WRSP)
• Rastafari profile at the Religious Movements Homepage (University of Virginia)