معاونت:پڑھنا لکھنا دشوار (xorg X11)

X11 xorg.conf

فونٹ کی تنصیب Install font

اردو کلیدی تختہ تنصیب \ Install Urdu keyboard

NOTE: This section describes keyboard configuration viar the configuration file "xorg.conf" which is used in older distors. The newer distros generally use HAL for keyboard control, for which see معاونت:پڑھنا لکھنا دشوار (HAL X11).

مرکز تحقیقات اردو کے اردو صوتی کلیدی تختہ کا نقشہ / CRULP phonetic Urdu keyboard layout v1.0
SHIFT کلید کے بغیر	SHIFT کلید کے ساتھ

..................................................... یہاں اردو میں ...........................................................

NOTE: The Urdu keyboard may already be installed in your Linux distro as "pk". In that case skip the following installation steps, and jump to the "Enable Urdu keyboard" section below.

You need root priveleges for the following steps:

Note to Ubuntu Users: Since by default the "root" account is disabled

on Ubuntu, all commands requiring root access have to be preceeded by "sudo" e.g.,
$ sudo gedit /etc/X11/xkb/symbols/xorg.conf

The keyboard configuration file is simply a text file. Get ur_universal (copy/paste into a text editor) and save it as ur_universal.txt in a local directory. Or you can get the file in a terminal as:

wget http://urdutext.cwahi.net/urdutext/ur_universal.txt

Copy this file "ur_universal.txt" in to the directory
/etc/X11/xkb/symbols/
as "ur". Note the filename should be "ur" without any extension. On some distros (Redhat, CentOS) the directory is
/usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/
instead. This file contains three layouts:
- phonetic ^[1]
- www.crulp.org, phonetic ^[2]
- www.nla.gov.pk ^[3]

Make an entry for the Urdu keyboard in the file
/etc/X11/xkb/rules/xorg.lst
if you are using X form X.org. Otherwise, the file to edit is
/etc/X11/xkb/rules/xfree86.lst
(in case the X is from Xfree86). In this file, find the section marked

! layout

us US English

......................

And add the following line (if it is not already there):

ur Urdu

Save the file.

Open a terminal (xterm, konsole, etc). And issue the following commands (as root):

# cd /etc/X11/xkb/symbols

 # /usr/X11R6/bin/xkbcomp  -lhlpR  '*'  -o  ../symbols.dir

اردو کلیدی تختہ مجاز \ Enable Urdu keyboard

.....................................................................................

NOTE: If you are enabling the Urdu keyboard that came with your Linux distro, it would be called "pk" instead of "ur". Thus in the following "Option XkbLayout" use "pk" instead of "ur".

Ensure that the file "/etc/X11/xorg.conf" has entries similar to following in the keyboard section:

Section "InputDevice"
    Identifier	"Keyboard1"
    Driver	"kbd"
    ....................................
    Option     "XkbLayout"     "us,ur"
    Option      "XkbOptions" "grp:shifts_toggle"
EndSection

In the Xkblayout option we have specified the Urdu (ur) keyboard along with English (us). The hotkey to toggle between the two layouts is "presss both shift-keys" at the same time.

CAUTION: The 'Identifier' and 'Driver' in your file 'xorg.conf' may be called 'Keyboard0' (or some thing else). Do not change these.

If you would, for example, like to use the NLA variant of the ur kbd, the above section should look like the following (addition of XkbVariant option):

Section "InputDevice"
    Identifier	"Keyboard1"
    Driver	"kbd"
    ....................................
    Option     "XkbLayout"     "us,ur"
    Option     "XkbVariant"     ",NLA"
    Option      "XkbOptions" "grp:shifts_toggle"
EndSection

The possible layout variants for ur are "phonetic", "CRULP", and "NLA". The possible layout variants for pk are "urd-phonetic", "urd-crulp", and "urd-nla", so the above section may look as:

Section "InputDevice"
    Identifier	"Keyboard1"
    Driver	"kbd"
    ....................................
    Option     "XkbLayout"     "us,pk"
    Option     "XkbVariant"     ",urd-nla"
    Option      "XkbOptions" "grp:shifts_toggle"
EndSection

See this reference^[4] for details.

مقام/Locale

................... ............................................................................

Some desktop environments e.g., LXDE, Xfce, have been translated into Urdu. If you would like to use the GUI in Urdu, you can set your locale accordingly. The following env variable has to be set
export LANG=ur_PK.UTF-8
On Slackware, the above line will go into the file /etc/profile.d/lang.sh
Other distros, may use a different location or provide a GUI way of choosing a locale. To get a taste of Urdu GUI, in a terminal start an app (which has an Urdu translation available) as follows:
$ LANG=ur_PK.UTF-8; lxterminal
where "lxterminal" is an app of LXDE.

مزید

مزید مدد برائے فونٹ More Help on enforcing proper fonts
Keyboard customization
Wikipedia Urdu Keyboard gadget
کلاوارو Urdu touch typing tutor software

حوالہ جات References

[1] Urdu text phonetic layout

[2] CRULP phonetic layout

[3] MS Windows XP layout (NLA)

[4] xkb help

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]