ٹاؤن لینڈ

ٹاؤن لینڈ (انگریزی: Townland; (آئرستانی: baile fearainn)‏; السٹر-اسکاٹس: toonlann^[1]) آئرلینڈ میں استعمال ہونے والی زمین کی ایک چھوٹی جغرافیائی تقسیم ہے۔ ^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

حوالہ جات

↑ "Rules o Richt Hannlin fur Uisin Ulstèr-Scotch as Pairt o Wark" (PDF)۔ Norlin Airlann Coort Sarvice۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 04 مئی 2017 ^{[مردہ ربط]}
↑ Terry Barry (2000)۔ "Rural Settlement in Medieval Ireland"۔ A History of Settlement in Ireland۔ Routledge۔ صفحہ: 114۔ She argued that Ireland's townland system, which pre-dated the Anglo-Norman conquest, worked against the creation of sizeable nucleated settlements.
↑ Billy Colfer (2004)۔ "Prehistoric and Early Christian Landscapes"۔ The Hook Peninsula۔ Cork University Press۔ صفحہ: 29۔ The townland network provides the most pervasive landscape survival from the Gaelic era. Most townlands, many retaining their Gaelic names, are believed to pre-date the arrival of the Anglo-Normans.
↑ Brian Graham (2003)۔ "Ireland: Economy and Society"۔ A companion to Britain in the later Middle Ages۔ Wiley-Blackwell۔ صفحہ: 149۔ The manor was the basic unit of settlement throughout the Anglo-Norman colony. Anngret Simms and others have argued that the constraint of the pre-existing Gaelic-Irish network of townlands (the basic subdivision of land in Ireland, a townland was originally the holding of an extended family) pre-empted the formation of large villages on the Anglo-Norman manors of Ireland.
↑ Howard Clarke، Jacinta Prunty، Mark Hennessy (2004)۔ Surveying Ireland's Past۔ Geography Publications۔ صفحہ: 113۔ It is clear that the Gaelic townland system of territorial organisation exerted a powerful centripetal force on the evolving settlement pattern.

[1] "Rules o Richt Hannlin fur Uisin Ulstèr-Scotch as Pairt o Wark" (PDF)۔ Norlin Airlann Coort Sarvice۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 04 مئی 2017 ^{[مردہ ربط]}

[Barry114-2] Terry Barry (2000)۔ "Rural Settlement in Medieval Ireland"۔ A History of Settlement in Ireland۔ Routledge۔ صفحہ: 114۔ She argued that Ireland's townland system, which pre-dated the Anglo-Norman conquest, worked against the creation of sizeable nucleated settlements.

[Colfer29-3] Billy Colfer (2004)۔ "Prehistoric and Early Christian Landscapes"۔ The Hook Peninsula۔ Cork University Press۔ صفحہ: 29۔ The townland network provides the most pervasive landscape survival from the Gaelic era. Most townlands, many retaining their Gaelic names, are believed to pre-date the arrival of the Anglo-Normans.

[Graham149-4] Brian Graham (2003)۔ "Ireland: Economy and Society"۔ A companion to Britain in the later Middle Ages۔ Wiley-Blackwell۔ صفحہ: 149۔ The manor was the basic unit of settlement throughout the Anglo-Norman colony. Anngret Simms and others have argued that the constraint of the pre-existing Gaelic-Irish network of townlands (the basic subdivision of land in Ireland, a townland was originally the holding of an extended family) pre-empted the formation of large villages on the Anglo-Norman manors of Ireland.

[Surveying-5] Howard Clarke، Jacinta Prunty، Mark Hennessy (2004)۔ Surveying Ireland's Past۔ Geography Publications۔ صفحہ: 113۔ It is clear that the Gaelic townland system of territorial organisation exerted a powerful centripetal force on the evolving settlement pattern.

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