ویکیپیڈیا

"فہرست عظیم طاقتیں قبل از دور جدید" کے نسخوں کے درمیان فرق

تاریخچہ دیکھیں
→ گزشتہ ترمیماگلی ترمیم ←
حذف شدہ مندرجات اضافہ شدہ مندرجات
بصریویکی متن
کوئی خلاصۂ ترمیم نہیں
کوئی خلاصۂ ترمیم نہیں
سطر 1:
یہ '''فہرست عظیم طاقتیں قبل از دور جدید''' {{دیگر نام|انگریزی=List of medieval great powers}} ہے۔ یہ ان سلطنتوں کی ایک فہرست ہے جو [[قرون وسطی]] کے دوران عظیم طاقتیں کہلاتی تھیں۔
 
اصطلاح " عظیم طاقت " صرف 1815 میں ویانا کانگریس سے ہی تاریخ نگاری اور سیاسیات میں استعمال ہوئی ہے۔ <ref>{{حوالہ کتاب|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistory01fuetgoog|title=World history, 1815–1930|last=Fueter|first=Eduard|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company|year=1922|isbn=1-58477-077-5|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistory01fuetgoog/page/n43 25]–28, 36–44|quote=Great Powers Congress of Vienna.}}</ref> برطانوی سکریٹری خارجہ لارڈ کیسلریگ نے پہلی بار 1814 میں معاہدہ چامونٹ کے حوالے سے اپنے سفارتی تناظر میں اس اصطلاح کا استعمال کیا۔ [[قرون وسطی|قرون وسطی کی]] تاریخ نگاری میں اس اصطلاح کا استعمال ہر مصنف کے لئے محو ہے۔ عہد جدید سے پہلے کی تاریخ نگاری میں ، [[سلطنت|سلطنتوں کی]] بات کرنا زیادہ عام ہے۔
*[[History of China|China]] (throughout)<ref name=WE>William Eckhardt, ''Civilizations, Empires, and Wars: A Quantitative History of War'' (McFarland, 1992), p. 113: "Medieval Great Powers included China throughout, Persia (500-600, 900-50, 1400-50), Byzantium (500-1050), Tu Chueh (550-600), Tibet (650- 1250), Muslim (650-850), Turkey (650, 1050-1100, 1450-1500), Prati (850), Khazar (850-900), Kiev (900-1050), Bujid (950), Fatimid (950-1050), Liao (950-1150), Ghaznavid (1050), Al-mohad (1150-1250), Egypt (1250-1450), Mongolia (1250-1450), Khmer (1250), Mali (1300, 1450), Chagatai (1350), Lithuania (1450), Inca (1500) and Russia (1500)."</ref><ref name=SJP>Szabolcs József Polgár, "The Character of the Trade between the Nomads and their Settled Neighbours in Eurasia in the Middle Ages", ''Studia Uralo-altaica'' '''53''' (2019): 253, contrasts "the nomads of the Eurasian steppe with their settled neighbours", calling the former "steppe empires (that is, the greatest nomadic confederations)" and the latter "medieval great powers". He gives China, Sassanian Persia, the Caliphate and the Eastern Roman Empire as medieval great powers.</ref>▼
 
*[[Persian Empire|Persia]] ([[Sasanian Empire|Sasanians]], 500–600; [[Samanid Empire|Samanids]], 900–950; [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]], 1400–1450)<ref name=WE/><ref name=SJP/>
گیری سمپسن "عظیم طاقتیں" ، ریاستوں کے ایک اشرافیہ گروپ سے ممتاز ہے جو "عظیم طاقتوں" ، سلطنتوں یا ریاستوں سے بین الاقوامی قانونی نظم کا انتظام کرتی ہے ، جن کی فوجی اور سیاسی حیثیت کسی دور کی تعریف کر سکتی ہے۔ <ref name="GS68">Gerry Simpson, ''Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order'' (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 68, uses the Vikings as an example of a great power that was not a Great Power.</ref>
*[[Byzantine Empire]] (500–1050)<ref name=WE/><ref name=SJP/>
 
*[[Göktürk Khaganate]] (550–600)<ref name=WE/>
مندرجہ ذیل سلطنتوں کی ایک فہرست ہے جو قرون وسطی کے دوران عظیم طاقتیں کہلاتی ہیں۔
*[[Tibetan Empire]] (650–1250)<ref name=WE/>
 
*The [[Caliphate]] (650–850)<ref name=WE/><ref name=SJP/>
▲* [[Historyتاریخ of Chinaچین|Chinaچین]] (throughoutپورے عرصہ) <ref name="WE">William Eckhardt, ''Civilizations, Empires, and Wars: A Quantitative History of War'' (McFarland, 1992), p. 113: "Medieval Great Powers included China throughout, Persia (500-600, 900-50, 1400-50), Byzantium (500-1050), Tu Chueh (550-600), Tibet (650- 1250), Muslim (650-850), Turkey (650, 1050-1100, 1450-1500), Prati (850), Khazar (850-900), Kiev (900-1050), Bujid (950), Fatimid (950-1050), Liao (950-1150), Ghaznavid (1050), Al-mohad (1150-1250), Egypt (1250-1450), Mongolia (1250-1450), Khmer (1250), Mali (1300, 1450), Chagatai (1350), Lithuania (1450), Inca (1500) and Russia (1500)."</ref> <ref name="SJP">Szabolcs József Polgár, "The Character of the Trade between the Nomads and their Settled Neighbours in Eurasia in the Middle Ages", ''Studia Uralo-altaica'' '''53''' (2019): 253, contrasts "the nomads of the Eurasian steppe with their settled neighbours", calling the former "steppe empires (that is, the greatest nomadic confederations)" and the latter "medieval great powers". He gives China, Sassanian Persia, the Caliphate and the Eastern Roman Empire as medieval great powers.</ref>
*[[Carolingian Empire]] (751–843)<ref>[[Henry William Carless Davis|Henry Davis]]: ''Medieval Europe.'' Williams and Norgate, London 1911, [https://archive.org/details/medievaleurope00davi p. 55]: "These crowded years of war leave the Frankish Empire established as the one ''great power'' west of the Elbe and Adriatic."</ref><ref>[[Thomas Hodgkin (historian)|Thomas Hodgkin]]: ''The life of Charlemagne (Charles The Great)'', London 1897, p. 11</ref>▼
* [[فارسی سلطنت|فارس]] ( [[ساسانی سلطنت|ساسانی]] ، 500-600؛ سامانی ، 900-950؛ [[تیموری سلطنت|تیموری]] ، 1400-1450)
*Turks ([[Western Turkic Khaganate|Onoq]], 650; [[Great Seljuk Empire|Seljuks]], 1050–1100; [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], 1450–1500)<ref name=WE/>
* [[بازنطینی سلطنت]] (500–1050)
*[[Viking Age|Vikings]]<ref name=GS68/> (800–1050)
* گوکترک خاقانیت (550–600)
*[[First Bulgarian Empire]] (803–963)<ref>Daniel Ziemann: ''[https://hgsoe.ios-regensburg.de/fileadmin/doc/texte/Band1/Ziemann_Das_Erste_Bulgarische_Reich.pdf Das Erste bulgarische Reich]. Eine frühmittelalterliche Großmacht zwischen Byzanz und Abendland.'' (German: ''An early medieval great power between Byzantium and the Occident'') In: Online handbook on the history of South-East Europe. Volume I ''Rule and politics in Southeastern Europe until 1800''. Published by the ''Institute for East and Southeast European Studies'' of the [[Leibniz Association]], Regensburg 2016</ref>▼
* [[تبتی سلطنت]] (650–1250)
*[[Pratihara Empire]] (850)<ref name=WE/>
* [[خلافت]] (650–850)
*[[Khazar Khaganate]] (850–900)<ref name=WE/>
▲*[[Carolingian Empire]]کیرولنگین سلطنت (751–843) <ref>[[Henry William Carless Davis|Henry Davis]]: ''Medieval Europe.'' Williams and Norgate, London 1911, [https://ia800202.us.archive.org/details34/items/medievaleurope00davi/medievaleurope00davi.pdf p. 55]: "These crowded years of war leave the Frankish Empire established as the one ''great power'' west of the Elbe and Adriatic."</ref> <ref>[[Thomas Hodgkin (historian)|Thomas Hodgkin]]: ''The life of Charlemagne (Charles The Great)'', London 1897, p. 11</ref>
*[[Kievan Rus']] (900–1050)<ref name=WE/>
* ترک ( مغربی ترک خاقانیت ، 650؛ [[سلجوقی سلطنت|سلجوقی سلاطین]] ، 1050-1100؛ [[سلطنت عثمانیہ|عثمانی]] ، 1450-1500)
*[[Buyid Dynasty]] (950)<ref name=WE/>
* [[وائکنگ عہد|وائکنگز]] <ref name="GS68">Gerry Simpson, ''Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order'' (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 68, uses the Vikings as an example of a great power that was not a Great Power.</ref> (800–1050)
*[[Fatimid Caliphate]] (950–1050)<ref name=WE/>
▲* [[Firstسلطنت Bulgarianبلغاریہ Empireاول|پہلی بلغاریہ سلطنت]] (803–963) <ref>Daniel Ziemann: ''[https://hgsoe.ios-regensburg.de/fileadmin/doc/texte/Band1/Ziemann_Das_Erste_Bulgarische_Reich.pdf Das Erste bulgarische Reich]. Eine frühmittelalterliche Großmacht zwischen Byzanz und Abendland.'' (German: ''An early medieval great power between Byzantium and the Occident'') In: Online handbook on the history of South-East Europe. Volume I ''Rule and politics in Southeastern Europe until 1800''. Published by the ''Institute for East and Southeast European Studies'' of the [[Leibniz Association]], Regensburg 2016</ref>
*[[Liao Dynasty]] (950–1150)<ref name=WE/>
* پرتھیرا سلطنت (850)
*[[Holy Roman Empire]] (950–1200)<ref>Frank Rexroth: ''Deutsche Geschichte im Mittelalter.'' [[C.H. Beck]], Munich 2005, {{ISBN|978-3-406-48007-2}}, p. 22 (''"The special proximity of the Ottonian and early Salian rulers to the Imperial Church was to contribute quite considerably to the rise of the East Frankish Empire to a European great power, as was already noticeable in the 940s".'')</ref><ref> Johannes Haller and Heinrich Dannenbauer: ''Von den Karolingern zu den Staufern: Die altdeutsche Kaiserzeit (900–1250).'' [[Walter de Gruyter]], Berlin 1970, p. 129 ('' “It became apparent that the German leadership in the West“'' [after the year 1200] '' “had ceased to exist and that the new French great power was rising in its place.” '')</ref>▼
* [[Almoravidخذر|خزد Dynastyخاقانیت]] (1040850-1147900)
* کیویائی [[کیویائی روس|روس ']] (900–1050)
*[[Ghaznavid Dynasty]] (1050)<ref name=WE/>
* [[آل بویہ|بویہ خاندان]] (950)
*[[Almohad Caliphate]] (1150–1250)<ref name=WE/>
* [[دولت فاطمیہ|فاطمی]] [[دولت فاطمیہ|خلافت]] (950–1050)
*[[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt]] (1250–1450)<ref name=WE/>
* لیاو خاندان (950–1150)
*[[Mongol Empire]] (1250–1450)<ref name=WE/>
▲* [[Holyمقدس Romanرومی Empireسلطنت|مقدس رومن سلطنت]] (950–1200)<ref>Frank Rexroth: ''Deutsche Geschichte im Mittelalter.'' [[C.H. Beck]], Munich 2005, {{ISBN|978-3-406-48007-2}}, p. 22 (''"The special proximity of the Ottonian and early Salian rulers to the Imperial Church was to contribute quite considerably to the rise of the East Frankish Empire to a European great power, as was already noticeable in the 940s".'')</ref><ref> Johannes Haller and Heinrich Dannenbauer: ''Von den Karolingern zu den Staufern: Die altdeutsche Kaiserzeit (900–1250).'' [[Walter de Gruyter]], Berlin 1970, p. 129 ('' “It became apparent that the German leadership in the West“'' [after the year 1200] '' “had ceased to exist and that the new French great power was rising in its place.” '')</ref>
*[[Khmer Empire]] (1250)<ref name=WE/>
* غزنوی سلطنت (1050)
*[[Mali Empire]] (1300, 1450)<ref name=WE/>
* [[دولت موحدین|موحدین خلافت]] (1150–1250)
*[[Kingdom of France]] (since 1300)<ref>Jürgen Miethke: ''Philipp IV. der Schöne (German: [[Philip IV of France]]) 1285 – 1314'' In: Joachim Ehlers, Heribert Müller, Bernd Schneidmüller: ''Die Französische Könige des Mittelalters von Odo bis Karl VIII. (German: The French kings of the Middle Ages: from Odo to Charles VIII 888 – 1498)'', [[C. H. Beck]] Munich 2006, {{ISBN|978-3-406-54739-3}}, p. 184: “France finally grew into a European great power, even defining in the first place what it means to be a European great power”</ref>
* [[سلطنت مملوک (مصر)|مملوک]] سلطانی [[سلطنت مملوک (مصر)|مصر]] (1250–1450)
*[[Chagatai Khanate]] (1350)<ref name=WE/>
* [[منگول سلطنت]] (1250–1450)
*[[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] (1450)<ref name=WE/>
* [[سلطنت خمیر|خمیر سلطنت]] (1250)
*[[Spanish Empire]] (since 1479)<ref>Jack S. Levy: ''War in the Modern Great Power System 1495 – 1975.'' The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington 1983, {{ISBN|978-0-8131-5339-1}}, p. 20</ref>▼
* [[سلطنت مالی|مالی سلطنت]] (1300 ، 1450)
*[[Incan Empire]] (1500)<ref name=WE/>
* [[مملکت فرانس|فرانس کی بادشاہی]] (1300 سے)
*[[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] (1500)<ref name=WE/>
* [[خانیت چغتائی|چغتائی کناٹے]] (1350)
* لیتھوانیا کی گرانڈ ڈچی (1450)
▲* [[Spanishسلطنت Empireہسپانیہ|ہسپانوی سلطنت]] (since 1479 سے) <ref>Jack S. Levy: ''War in the Modern Great Power System 1495 – 1975.'' The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington 1983, {{ISBNآئی ایس بی این|978-0-8131-5339-1}}, p. 20</ref>
* [[انکا|انکان سلطنت]] (1500)
* [[ماسکووی روس|ماسکو کی گرینڈ ڈچی]] (1500)
 
== مزید دیکھیے ==
اخذ کردہ از «https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/فہرست_عظیم_طاقتیں_قبل_از_دور_جدید»