کونجالی ماراککر

کونجالی ماراککر (انگریزی: Kunjali Marakkar) یا کونہالی ماراککر 16ویں صدی میں کالیکٹ ، بھارت کے ہندو راجا کے ایک مسلمان کو دیا گیا خطاب تھا۔ کونجالی ساموتیری بحریہ کا چیف تھا۔ کل چار بڑے کونجالی ہوئے ہیں جنھوں نے بحریہ کے چیف کا عہدہ سنبھالا اور پرتگیزی ہند سے 1507ء تا 1600ء جنگ میں حصہ لیا۔ بھارت میں سب سے پہلے بحریہ کو منظم کرنے کا سہرا کونجالیوں کو ہی جاتا ہے۔

عہدہ

Iکوٹٹاکل میں کونجالیوں کی یادگار

کونجالیوں کو ماراککر کا عہدہ ملتا تھا۔ یہ ملیالم زبان کا لفظ ہو سکتا ہے۔ ماراککر کا مطلب کشتی ہوتا ہے۔ چاروں کونجالی ماراککر مندرجہ ذیل ہیں؛

کوٹٹی احمد علی- کونجالی ماراککر اول
کوٹٹی پوککر علی-کونجالی ماراککر دوم
پاٹٹو کونہالی - کونجالی ماراککر سوم
محمد علی- کونہالی ماراککر چہارم

ماراککر کی اصل

روایات کے مطابق ماراککر اصلا کوچی مسلمان تاجر تھے جنھوں نے ساموتیری کی حکومت میں پونانی کی طرف کوچ کیا تھا۔اس وقت پرتگیزی مملکت کوچین میں آباد ہو رہے تھے۔انھوں نے پرتکالیوں کے خلاف اپنی فوج، گھوڑے اور ہتھیار سے کالیکٹ کے بادشاہ کی مدد کی تھی۔ ایک دوسری روایت کے مطابق کونجالی ماراککر قاہرہ، مصر کے تاجر تھے جو کوزیکوڑے میں مقیم ہو گئے تھے۔

پرتگیزی سلطنت کے خلاف

ماراککر چہارم کی تلوار

ابتدا میں پرتگیزی سلطنت نے 1498ء میں تجارت کی غرض سے علاقہ میں قدم رکھا مگر جلد ہی ان کو مصائب کا سامنا کرنا پڑا کیونکہ مسلم عرب نے زمورین پر دباؤ ڈالنا شروع کر دیا تھا۔کیونکہ جن بندرگاہوں پر پرتگیزی تجارت کر رہے تھے وہاں مسلم عرب برسوں سے تجارت کرتے آ رہے تھے۔لیکن دونوں کی اس جنگ میں پرتگیزیوں کو فتح ملی اور انھوں نے اپنے جانی دشمن مملکت کوچین سے 1503ء میں ایک معاہدہ کر لیا۔ معاہدہ کی وجہ سے پرتگیزیوں کا سمندر پر قبضہ ہو گیا۔ ادھر عرب مسلمانوں کو اپنے جہازوں کی فکر ہوئی اور انھوں نے اپنی تجارت اور بندرگاہوں کو مضبوط کرنے کی غرض سے کونجالی ماراککر کی مدد لی۔

پرتگیزیوں سے جنگ اور چینی لڑکا

پرتگیزیوں اور زمورین کے مابین ایک طویل عرصہ تک جنگ چلی یہاں تک کہ پرتگیزیوں نے حکومت کالیکٹ کو یہ یقین دلا دیا کہ زمورین ان کی حکومت پر قبضہ کرنا چاہتے ہیں۔ پس حکومت کالیکٹ نے پرتگیزیوں کا ساتھ دیا اور دونوں نے 16ویں صدی کے اخیر میں زمورین کو شکست دی اور آخری ماراککر 1600ء میں مارا گیا۔ اسی جنگ میں ایک چینی بچہ کا واقعہ دلچسپ ہے جسے ماراککر نے پرتزیگیوں سے آزاد کرایا تھا۔ اس کا نام چحینالی تھا۔ اسے غلام بناکر چین سے پرتگیزوں کے جہاز میں ہندوستان لایا گیا تھا۔ کونجالی چینالی سے بیت محبت کرتے تھے۔ چینالی کو پرتگیزیوں سے لڑنے میں خوب مزہ آتا تھا۔ وہ کونجالیوں کا زبردست لیفٹینینٹ بن کر ابھرا جس سے دشمن کی فوج ڈرتی تھی۔^[1]^[2] کونجالی اور ان کے اس نئے لفٹینینٹ نے پرتگیزیوں کی ناک میں دم رکھا تھا۔ وہ ان سے خوب ڈرتے تھے پرتگیزیوں کے کالیکٹ حکومت سے قرار کے بعد انہون نے کونجالی اور چینالی کی فوج پر حملہ کر دیا اور کالیکٹ حکومت نے چینالی کو پرتگیزیوں کے حوالے کر دیا۔ ^[3] ایک پرتگیزی مؤرخ ڈیوگو ڈو کیوٹو کونجالی اور چینالی کے پکڑے جانے کا انکار کرتے ہیں۔ جب کونجالی نے پرتگیزیوں کے سامنے ہتھیار ڈال دیے تھے تب وہ وہیں موجود تھا۔^[4] اس نے لکھا ہے “ان میں ایک چینی لڑکا تھا کو مالاککا کا نوکر تھا۔ کہا جاتا ہے کہ وہ پرتگیزیوں کا غلام تھا جسے کونجالیوں کے ہاتھوں بیچ دیا گیا تھا۔کونجالی نے چینالی پر بہت بھروسا کیا اور اپنے سے بہت قریب کر لیا۔ پورے ملابار عیسائیوں پر قہر بن کر ٹوٹتا تھا۔ جو لوگ سمندر پر پکڑے جاتے تھے یہ انھیں بڑی سخت سزا دیتا تھا۔^[5]^[6]

حوالہ جات

↑ Charles Ralph Boxer (1948)۔ Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770: fact and fancy in the history of Macao۔ M. Nijhoff۔ صفحہ: 225۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2 مارچ 2012۔ we meet with a surprisingly frequent number of references to Chinese wayfarers or sojourners in India Portuguesa. One Chinese slave who was taken by Malabar pirates in his youth, subsequently became a terrible scourge to his late masters, as the right hand man of the famous Moplah pirate Kunhali. His eventual conqueror in 1600, the great Captain
↑ Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939)۔ T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9۔ صفحہ: 456۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2 مارچ 2012۔ and said to have been slave to a Portuguese, before he was captured in his youth and brought before Kunhala, who took such a fancy to him that he entrusted him with everything. He was he most fanatical Moslem and enemy of the Christian faith along the whole Malabar coast. For when prisoners were taken at sea and brought to him, he invented the most fiendish tortures ever seen, with which he martyred them."
↑ Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939)۔ T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9۔ صفحہ: 456۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2 مارچ 2012۔ Kunhali and Chinale were for years the greatest scourge of the Portuguese in the India seas. They made such effective depredations against Lusitanian shipping that the former assumed the high
↑ Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939)۔ T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9۔ صفحہ: 456۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2 مارچ 2012۔ command of Andre Furtado de Mendoça, and in alliance with the Samorin of Calicut, was more successful. Kottakkal was taken by storm and both Kunhali and his Chinese lieutenant carried off as prisoners to Goa. They remained for some time in the Goa prison, where they were interviewed by the historian Diogo do Couto.
↑ Indian Pirates۔ Concept Publishing Company۔ صفحہ: 138۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2 مارچ 2012۔ He walked between three of his chief Muslims: one of them was Chinali "A Chinese who had been a servant at Malacca and said to have been a captive of the Portuguese taken as a boy from a fusta and afterwards brought to Kunhali." He had conceived such an affection for him that "he treated him with everything." He was "the greatest exponent of the Moorish superstition and an enemy of the Christians in all Malabar." It is said of him that for those captured at sea and brought to Kunhali's little kingdom, he "invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them." This wild assertion of de Couto, lacking corroboration, is apparently incredible.
↑ François Pyrard، Pierre de Bergeron، Jérôme Bignon (1890)۔ The voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil, Issue 80, Volume 2, Part 2۔ VOL. II, PART II۔ LONDON : WHITING AND CO.، SARDINIA STREET. LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS: Printed for the Hakluyt society۔ صفحہ: 516۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2 مارچ 2012۔
withdrew to his camp. All this time the obstructions in the river, and the deficiency of boats, had kept Luiz da Gama a mere spectator of the scene, unable either to direct or to succour. We have, from de Couto, a picture of him standing knee-deep in the mud of the river bar, endeavouring to embark succours in the boats, while ever and anon his attempts thus to rally his forces were frustrated by the sight of the fugitives, some in boats, some swimming down the river, and all shouting, "Treason! Treason!" The body of the brave Luiz da Sylva had been got into a boat, wrapped in his flag, which a captain had torn from its standard, in order to conceal the fact of his fall. This manoeuvre, however, only added to the disorder of the soldiery, who found themselves of a sudden, and at the critical moment of the attack, without a competent leader and without colours. Thus ended the gravest disaster which had as yet befallen the Portuguese arms in India. De Couto gives a long list of noble fidalgos who fell that day, sacrificed by the incapacity of their leaders; and though he confidently asserts that the total loss was 230 men and no more, his own story of the events of the fight gives colour to the statement of Pyrard that the loss amounted to no less than 500 lives. It is further stated by de Couto, who talked the matter over with Kunhali and his lieutenant, Chinale, when they were in the Goa prison, that the loss of the besieged exceeded 500 men.
The sorrow and vexation of Luiz da Gama at the death of his brave captain and the miscarriage of the whole enterprise were unbounded. His next measures, however, were dictated by good sense and humanity. Leaving a small force to blockade the fort under Francisco de Sousa, and despatching the body of da Sylva to Cannanor, where it was temporarily interred with all available pomp,1 he withdrew his shattered forces to Cochin, where the wounded received attention at the hospital and in the houses of the citizens.
The blockading force was insufficient, and Kunhali, who had thirteen galeots ready for action in his port, might easily have forced a way to sea, had not de Sousa, by a skillful ruse, led him
It was afterwards conveyed to Portugal.

[1] Charles Ralph Boxer (1948)۔ Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770: fact and fancy in the history of Macao۔ M. Nijhoff۔ صفحہ: 225۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2 مارچ 2012۔ we meet with a surprisingly frequent number of references to Chinese wayfarers or sojourners in India Portuguesa. One Chinese slave who was taken by Malabar pirates in his youth, subsequently became a terrible scourge to his late masters, as the right hand man of the famous Moplah pirate Kunhali. His eventual conqueror in 1600, the great Captain

[2] Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939)۔ T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9۔ صفحہ: 456۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2 مارچ 2012۔ and said to have been slave to a Portuguese, before he was captured in his youth and brought before Kunhala, who took such a fancy to him that he entrusted him with everything. He was he most fanatical Moslem and enemy of the Christian faith along the whole Malabar coast. For when prisoners were taken at sea and brought to him, he invented the most fiendish tortures ever seen, with which he martyred them."

[3] Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939)۔ T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9۔ صفحہ: 456۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2 مارچ 2012۔ Kunhali and Chinale were for years the greatest scourge of the Portuguese in the India seas. They made such effective depredations against Lusitanian shipping that the former assumed the high

[4] Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939)۔ T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9۔ صفحہ: 456۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2 مارچ 2012۔ command of Andre Furtado de Mendoça, and in alliance with the Samorin of Calicut, was more successful. Kottakkal was taken by storm and both Kunhali and his Chinese lieutenant carried off as prisoners to Goa. They remained for some time in the Goa prison, where they were interviewed by the historian Diogo do Couto.

[5] Indian Pirates۔ Concept Publishing Company۔ صفحہ: 138۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2 مارچ 2012۔ He walked between three of his chief Muslims: one of them was Chinali "A Chinese who had been a servant at Malacca and said to have been a captive of the Portuguese taken as a boy from a fusta and afterwards brought to Kunhali." He had conceived such an affection for him that "he treated him with everything." He was "the greatest exponent of the Moorish superstition and an enemy of the Christians in all Malabar." It is said of him that for those captured at sea and brought to Kunhali's little kingdom, he "invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them." This wild assertion of de Couto, lacking corroboration, is apparently incredible.

[6] François Pyrard، Pierre de Bergeron، Jérôme Bignon (1890)۔ The voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil, Issue 80, Volume 2, Part 2۔ VOL. II, PART II۔ LONDON : WHITING AND CO.، SARDINIA STREET. LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS: Printed for the Hakluyt society۔ صفحہ: 516۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2 مارچ 2012۔
withdrew to his camp. All this time the obstructions in the river, and the deficiency of boats, had kept Luiz da Gama a mere spectator of the scene, unable either to direct or to succour. We have, from de Couto, a picture of him standing knee-deep in the mud of the river bar, endeavouring to embark succours in the boats, while ever and anon his attempts thus to rally his forces were frustrated by the sight of the fugitives, some in boats, some swimming down the river, and all shouting, "Treason! Treason!" The body of the brave Luiz da Sylva had been got into a boat, wrapped in his flag, which a captain had torn from its standard, in order to conceal the fact of his fall. This manoeuvre, however, only added to the disorder of the soldiery, who found themselves of a sudden, and at the critical moment of the attack, without a competent leader and without colours. Thus ended the gravest disaster which had as yet befallen the Portuguese arms in India. De Couto gives a long list of noble fidalgos who fell that day, sacrificed by the incapacity of their leaders; and though he confidently asserts that the total loss was 230 men and no more, his own story of the events of the fight gives colour to the statement of Pyrard that the loss amounted to no less than 500 lives. It is further stated by de Couto, who talked the matter over with Kunhali and his lieutenant, Chinale, when they were in the Goa prison, that the loss of the besieged exceeded 500 men.
The sorrow and vexation of Luiz da Gama at the death of his brave captain and the miscarriage of the whole enterprise were unbounded. His next measures, however, were dictated by good sense and humanity. Leaving a small force to blockade the fort under Francisco de Sousa, and despatching the body of da Sylva to Cannanor, where it was temporarily interred with all available pomp,1 he withdrew his shattered forces to Cochin, where the wounded received attention at the hospital and in the houses of the citizens.
The blockading force was insufficient, and Kunhali, who had thirteen galeots ready for action in his port, might easily have forced a way to sea, had not de Sousa, by a skillful ruse, led him
It was afterwards conveyed to Portugal.

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