گاتھ (شہر)

گاتھ (Gath) (عبرانی: גַּת‎، نقحر: Gaṯ، لفظی ترجمہ: 'شراب پریس'‎; (لاطینی: Geth)‏) آہنی دور میں فلسطی پینٹاپولس کے پانچ شہروں میں سے ایک تھا۔ یہ شمال مشرقی فلسطیا میں واقع تھا، جو مملکت یہوداہ کی سرحد کے قریب تھا گاتھ کا ذکر اکثر عبرانی بائبل میں ملتا ہے اور اس کے وجود کی تصدیق مصری تحریروں سے ہوتی ہے۔

تل الصافی کے مقام پر آثار قدیمہ کی تلاش

کتابیات

• Y. Aharoni (1979)۔ The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography (بزبان انگریزی) (2 ایڈیشن)۔ Philadelphia: Westminster Press۔ ISBN 0664242669۔ OCLC 6250553  (original Hebrew edition: 'Land of Israel in Biblical Times - Historical Geography', Bialik Institute, Jerusalem (1962))
• M. Avi-Yonah (2006)۔ "Gath"۔ $1 میں Michael Berenbaum۔ Encyclopedia Judaica۔ 7 (second ایڈیشن)۔ ISBN 9780028660974 
• Geoffrey W. Bromiley، مدیر (1982)۔ The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia۔ 2۔ Grand Rapids, مشی گن: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company۔ ISBN 0-8028-3782-4 
• Herbert Donner (1992)۔ The Mosaic Map of Madaba: An Introductory Guide۔ Kampen, نیدرلینڈز: Kok Pharos Publishing House۔ OCLC 234058506 
• I. Finkelstein (2013)۔ The Forgotten Kingdom: the Archaeology and History of Northern Israel (PDF)۔ Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature۔ ISBN 978-1-58983-911-3 
• Horton Harris (2011)۔ "The location of Ziklag: a review of the candidate sites, based on Biblical, topographical and archaeological evidence"۔ Palestine Exploration Quarterly۔ 143 (2): 119–33۔ doi:10.1179/003103211x12971861556954 
• Siegfried Herrmann (1989)۔ "The So-called 'Fortress System of Rehoboam,' 2 Chron 11:5-12: Theoretical Considerations"۔ Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies (بزبان انگریزی)۔ 20 (Yigael Yadin Memoril Volume)۔ JSTOR 23621927 
• Ishtori Haparchi (2007)۔ مدیر: Avraham Yosef Havatzelet۔ Sefer Kaftor Ve'ferah (بزبان عبرانی)۔ 2 (chapter 11) (3rd ایڈیشن)۔ Jerusalem 
• Z. Kallai-Kleinmann (1958)۔ "The Town Lists of Judah, Simeon, Benjamin and Dan"۔ Vetus Testamentum۔ Leiden: Brill۔ 8 (2): 134–160۔ JSTOR 1516086۔ doi:10.2307/1516086 
• Nimrod Luz (1997)۔ "The Construction of an Islamic City in Palestine. The Case of Umayyad al-Ramla"۔ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society۔ Third Series۔ 7 (1): 27–54۔ doi:10.1017/S1356186300008300 
• A.M. Maeir، S.J. Wimmer، A. Zukerman، A. Demsky (2008)۔ "A Late Iron Age I/Early Iron Age II Old Canaanite Inscription from Tell eṣ-Ṣâfī/Gath, Israel: Palaeography, Dating, and Historical-Cultural Significance"۔ Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research۔ 351 (351): 39–71۔ JSTOR 25609285۔ doi:10.1086/BASOR25609285 
• A.M. Maeir، مدیر (2012)۔ Tell es-Safi/Gath I: Report on the 1996–2005 Seasons۔ Ägypten und Altes Testament۔ 69۔ وایزباڈن: Harrassowitz (Manfred Görg) 
• B. Mazar (Maisler) (1954)۔ "Gath and Gittaim"۔ Israel Exploration Journal۔ 4 (3): 227–235۔ JSTOR 27924579 
• Nadav Naʼaman (2005)۔ Canaan in the Second Millennium B.C.E.۔ Eisenbrauns۔ ISBN 978-1-57506-113-9 
• A. Rainey (1975)۔ "The Identification of Philistine Gath - a Problem in Source Analysis for Historical Geography"۔ Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies۔ Nelson Glueck Memorial Volume: 63–76۔ JSTOR 23619091 
• A. Rainey (1998)۔ "Review by: Anson F. Rainey"۔ Journal of the American Oriental Society۔ 118 (1): 73۔ JSTOR 606301 
• Yoram Tsafrir، Leah Di Segni، Judith Green (1994)۔ (TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina۔ Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities۔ ISBN 965-208-107-8 
• Shmuel Vargon (1992)۔ "Gedud: A Place-Name in the Shephelah of Judah"۔ Vetus Testamentum (بزبان انگریزی)۔ 42 (4): 557–564۔ JSTOR 1518965۔ doi:10.2307/1518965 

مزید پڑھیے

• Ackermann, O., Maeir, A., and Bruins, H. 2004. Unique Human-Made Catenary Changes and Their Effect on Soil and Vegetation in the Semi-Arid Mediterranean Zone: A Case Study on Sarcopterium Spinosum Distribution Near Tell es-Sâfi/Gath, Israel. Catena 57: 309-30
• Ackermann, O., Bruins, H., and Maeir, A. 2005. A Unique Human-Made Trench at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: Anthropogenic Impact and Landscape Response. Geoarchaeology 20(3): 303-28
• Avissar, R., Uziel, J., and Maeir, A. 2007. Tell es-Safi/Gath During the Persian Period. Pp. 65–115 in A Time of Change: Judah and Its Neighbors in the Persian and Early Hellenistic Periods, ed. Y. Levin. London: T&T Clark International.
• Ben-Shlomo, D., Shai, I., Zukerman, A., and Maeir, A. 2008. Cooking Identities: Aegean-Style and Philistine Cooking Jugs and Cultural Interaction in the Southern Levant During the Iron Age. American Journal of Archaeology 112: 225–46.
• Horwitz, L., Lev-Tov, J., Chadwick, J., Wimmer, S., and Maeir, A. 2006. Working Bones: A Unique Iron Age IIA Bone Workshop from Tell es-Safi/Gath. Near Eastern Archaeology 66: 169–73.
• Maeir, A. 2003. Notes and News: Tell es-Safi. Israel Exploration Journal 53(3): 237-46
• _____ 2004. The Historical Background and Dating of Amos VI 2: An Archaeological Perspective from Tell es-Safi/Gath. Vetus Testamentum 54(3): 319-34
• _____ 2007. Ten Years of Excavations at Biblical Gat Plishtim (In Hebrew). Qadmoniot 133: 15–24.
• _____ 2007. A New Interpretation of the Term `Opalim (עפלים) in Light of Recent Archaeological Finds from Philistia. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 32: 23–40.
• _____ 2008. Fragments of Stone Reliefs from Bliss and Macalister’s Excavations at Tell es-Safi/Gath (In Hebrew with English Abstract). Eretz Israel (E. Stern Volume) 28.
• _____ ed. 2017/2018. The Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath Archaeological Project. Near Eastern Archaeology 80/4–81/1. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research.
• Maeir, A. and Ehrlich, C. 2001. Excavating Philistine Gath: Have We Found Goliath’s Hometown? Biblical Archaeology Review 27(6): 22-31
• Maeir, A., and Shai, I. 2007. An Iron Age IIA Phoenician-Style (?) Fluted Ceramic Bowl from Tell es-Safi/Gath: A Ceramic Imitation of a Metal Prototype. Journal of the Serbian Archaeological Society 23: 219–26.
• Maeir, A., and Uziel, J. 2007. A Tale of Two Tells: A Comparative Perspective on Tel Miqne-Ekron and Tell es-Sâfi/Gath in Light of Recent Archaeological Research. Pp. 29–42 in Up to the Gates of Ekron”: Essays on the Archaeology and History of the Eastern Mediterranean in Honor of Seymour Gitin, eds. S. Crawford, A. Ben-Tor, J. Dessel, W. Dever, A. Mazar and J. Aviram. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
• Maeir, A. M., and Uziel, J., eds. 2020. Tell es-Safi/Gath II: Excavations and Studies. Ägypten und Altes Testament 105. Münster: Zaphon.
• Schniedewind, W. 1998. "The Geopolitical History of Philistine Gath." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 309:69–77.
• Uziel, J., and Maeir, A. 2005. Scratching the Surface at Gath: Implications of the Tell es-Safi/Gath Surface Survey. Tel Aviv 32(1): 50-75.
• Wimmer, S., and Maeir, A. 2007. The Prince of Safit: A Late Bronze Age Hieratic Inscription from Tell Es-Sâfi/Gath. Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 123(1): 37–48.
• Zukerman, A. H., L.K., Lev-Tov, J., and Maeir, A. 2007. A Bone of Contention? Iron Age IIA Notched Scapulae from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 347: 57–81.
• Zukerman, A., and Shai, I. 2006. "'The Royal City of the Philistines' in the 'Azekah Inscription' and the History of Gath in the Eighth Century BCE." Ugarit-Forschungen 38: 729–816.

بیرونی روابط

• Tell es-Safi website
• Tell es-Safi weblog
• An Archaeological dig at Ramla
• Yoav Vaknin، Ron Shaar، Oded Lipschits، Erez Ben-Yosef (24 October 2022)۔ "Reconstructing biblical military campaigns using geomagnetic field data"۔ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences۔ 119 (44)۔ e2209117119۔ Bibcode:2022PNAS..11909117V۔ PMC 9636932 ۔ PMID 36279453 ۔ doi:10.1073/pnas.2209117119