قسطنطینوس دوم

قسطنطینوس دوم (انگریزی: Constantius II) ((لاطینی: Flavius Julius Constantius)‏; یونانی: Κωνστάντιος Kōnstántios; 7 اگست 317 – 3 نومبر 361)، 337ء سے 361ء تک رومی شہنشاہ رہا۔ اس کی مذہبی پالیسیوں نے گھریلو تنازعات کو ہوا دی جو اس کی موت کے بعد بھی جاری رہے گی۔

قسطنطینوس دوم
(لاطینی میں: Flavius Julius Constantius)
معلومات شخصیت
پیدائش	7 اگست 317ء   سرمیوم
وفات	3 نومبر 361ء (44 سال)  قلیقیہ
وجہ وفات	بخار
طرز وفات	طبعی موت
شہریت	قدیم روم بازنطینی سلطنت
والد	قسطنطین اعظم
والدہ	فاوستا
بہن/بھائی	ہیلینا ،  قسطنطینہ ،  قونسطانس اول ،  قسطنطین دوم ،  کریسپوس
خاندان	قسطنطینی شاہی سلسلہ
مناصب
رومی شہنشاہ
برسر عہدہ 22 مئی 337  – 3 نومبر 361
بازنطینی شہنشاہ
برسر عہدہ 22 مئی 337  – 5 اکتوبر 361
قسطنطین اعظم   جولین
دیگر معلومات
پیشہ	سیاست دان
پیشہ ورانہ زبان	لاطینی زبان
عسکری خدمات

مصادر

قدیم مصادر

• Ammianus Marcellinus. Res Gestae.
  • Yonge, Charles Duke, trans. Roman History. London: Bohn, 1862. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 15 August 2009.
  • Rolfe, J.C., trans. History. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1939–52. Online at LacusCurtius. Accessed 15 August 2009.
  • Hamilton, Walter, trans. The Later Roman Empire (A.D. 354–378). Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986. [Abridged edition]
• Athanasius of Alexandria.
  • Festal Index.
    • Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Festal Letters. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Accessed 15 August 2009.
  • Epistula encyclica (Encyclical letter). Summer 339.
    • Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Encyclical letter. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent and Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Accessed 15 August 2009.
  • Apologia Contra Arianos (Defense against the Arians). 349.
    • Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Apologia Contra Arianos. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 August 2009.
  • Apologia ad Constantium (Defense before Constantius). 353.
    • Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Apologia ad Constantium. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 August 2009.
  • Historia Arianorum (History of the Arians). 357.
    • Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Historia Arianorum. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 August 2009.
  • De Synodis (On the Councils of Arminium and Seleucia). Autumn 359.
    • Newman, John Henry and Archibald Robertson, trans. De Synodis. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 15 August 2009.
  • Historia acephala. 368 – c. 420.
    • Robertson, Archibald, trans. Historia Acephala. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent and Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Accessed 15 August 2009.
• Chronica minora 1, 2.
  • Mommsen, T., ed. Chronica Minora saec. IV, V, VI, VII 1, 2 (in Latin). Monumenta Germaniae Historia, Auctores Antiquissimi 9, 11. Berlin, 1892, 1894. Online at "Bayerische StaatsBibliothek"۔ 08 جولا‎ئی 2012 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ  . Accessed 25 August 2009.
• Codex Theodosianus.
  • Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes² (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Complied by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at University College London and the University of Grenoble آرکائیو شدہ 18 جون 2010 بذریعہ وے بیک مشین. Accessed 25 August 2009.
  • Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at AncientRome.ru. Accessed 15 August 2009.
• Codex Justinianus.
  • Scott, Samuel P., trans. The Code of Justinian, in The Civil Law. 17 vols. 1932. Online at the Constitution Society. Accessed 14 August 2009.
• Ephraem the Syrian. Carmina Nisibena (Songs of Nisibis).
  • Stopford, J.T. Sarsfield, trans. The Nisibene Hymns. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 13. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 16 August 2009.
  • Bickell, Gustav, trans. S. Ephraemi Syri Carmina Nisibena: additis prolegomenis et supplemento lexicorum Syriacorum (in Latin). Lipetsk: Brockhaus, 1866. Online at Google Books. Accessed 15 August 2009.
• Epitome de Caesaribus.
  • Banchich, Thomas M., trans. A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores. Canisius College Translated Texts 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis آرکائیو شدہ 8 نومبر 2020 بذریعہ وے بیک مشین. Accessed 15 August 2009.
• Eunapius. Lives of the Sophists.
• Eusebius of Caesarea.
  • Oratio de Laudibus Constantini (Oration in Praise of Constantine, sometimes the Tricennial Oration).
    • Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Oration in Praise of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 16 August 2009.
  • Vita Constantini (Life of Constantine).
    • Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 25 August 2009.
• Eutropius. Historiae Romanae Breviarium.
  • Watson, John Selby, trans. Abridgment of Roman History. London: George Bell & Sons, 1886. Revised and edited for Tertullian by Roger Pearse, 2003. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 11 June 2010.
• Festus. Breviarium.
  • Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People. Canisius College Translated Texts 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis(). Accessed 15 August 2009.
• Firmicus Maternus. De errore profanarum religionum (On the error of profane religions).
  • Baluzii and Rigaltii, eds. Divi Cæcilii Cypriani, Carthaginensis Episcopi, Opera Omnia; accessit J. Firmici Materni, Viri Clarissimi, De Errore Profanarum Religionum (in Latin). Paris: Gauthier Brothers and the Society of Booksellers, 1836. Online at Google Books. Accessed 15 August 2009.
• Hilary of Poitiers. Ad Constantium (To Constantius).
  • Feder, Alfred Leonhard, ed. S. Hilarii episcopi Pictaviensis Tractatus mysteriorum. Collectanea Antiariana Parisina (fragmenta historica) cum appendice (liber I Ad Constantium). Liber ad Constantium imperatorem (Liber II ad Constantium). Hymni. Fragmenta minora. Spuria (in Latin). In the Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, Vol. 65. Vienna: Tempsky, 1916.
• Itinerarium Alexandri (Itinerary of Alexander).
  • Mai, Angelo, ed. Itinerarium Alexandri ad Constantium Augustum, Constantini M. Filium (in Latin). Regiis Typis, 1818. Online at Google Books. Accessed 15 August 2009.
  • Davies, Iolo, trans. Itinerary of Alexander. 2009. Online at DocStoc. Accessed 15 August 2009.
• Jerome.
  • Chronicon (Chronicle).
    • Pearse, Roger, et al., trans. The Chronicle of St. Jerome, in Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts. Tertullian, 2005. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 14 August 2009.
  • de Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men).
    • Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men). From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 15 August 2009.
• Julian.
  • Wright, Wilmer Cave, trans. Works of the Emperor Julian. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1913. Online at the Internet Archive: Vol. 1, 2, 3.
• Libanius. Oratio 59 (Oration 59).
  • M.H. Dodgeon, trans. The Sons of Constantine: Libanius Or. LIX. In From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views, A Source History, edited by S.N.C. Lieu and Dominic Montserrat, 164–205. London: Routledge, 1996. آئی ایس بی این 0-415-09336-8
• Origo Constantini Imperatoris.
  • Rolfe, J.C., trans. Excerpta Valesiana, in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus' History. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at LacusCurtius. Accessed 16 August 2009.
• Papyri Abinnaeus.
  • The Abinnaeus Archive: Papers of a Roman Officer in the Reign of Constantius II (in Greek). Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri. Online at Perseus and the Duke Data Bank. Accessed 15 August 2009.
• Papyri Laurentius.
  • Dai Papiri della Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana (in Greek). Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri. Online at Perseus and the Duke Data Bank. Accessed 15 August 2009.
• Philostorgius. Historia Ecclesiastica.
  • Walford, Edward, trans. Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 15 August 2009.
• Socrates. Historia Ecclesiastica (History of the Church).
  • Zenos, A.C., trans. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 August 2009.
• Sozomen. Historia Ecclesiastica (History of the Church).
  • Hartranft, Chester D. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 15 August 2009.
• Sulpicius Severus. Sacred History.
  • Roberts, Alexander, trans. Sacred History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 11. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1894. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 August 2009.
• Theodoret. Historia Ecclesiastica (History of the Church).
  • Jackson, Blomfield, trans. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 15 August 2009.
• Themistius. Orationes (Orations).
• معترف تیوفانس. Chronicle.
• Zonaras. Extracts of History.
• Zosimus. Historia Nova (New History).
  • Unknown trans. The History of Count Zosimus. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 15 August 2009. [An unsatisfactory edition.]
  • Unknown trans. Histoire Nouvelle and ΖΩΣΙΜΟΥ ΚΟΜΙΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΟΦΙΣΚΟΣΥΝΗΓΟΡΟΥ (in French and Greek). Online at the Catholic University of Louvain آرکائیو شدہ 1 دسمبر 2009 بذریعہ وے بیک مشین. Accessed 16 November 2009.

جدید مصادر

• Baker-Brian, N. and Tougher, S., The Sons of Constantine, AD 337-361: In the Shadows of Constantine and Julian (Palgrave MacMillan, 2020)
• Banchich, T.M., 'DIR-Gallus' from De Imperatoribus Romanis [1] آرکائیو شدہ 10 دسمبر 2008 بذریعہ وے بیک مشین
• Dignas, B. & Winter, E., Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2007)
• DiMaio, M., and Frakes, R., "Constantius II," from De Imperatoribus Romanis
• Gaddis, M., There is No Crime for Those who Have Christ (University of California Press, 2005).„
• Hunt, Constantius II in the Ecclesiastical Historians, Ph.D. diss. (Fordham University, 2010), AAT 3431914.
• Jones, A.H.M, The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: a Social, Economic and Administrative Survey (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1986)
• A.H.M. Jones، J.R. Martindale، J. Morris (1971)۔ The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395۔ Cambridge University Press۔ ISBN 0-521-07233-6 
• Kent, J.P.C., Hirmer, M. & Hirmer, A. Roman Coins (Thames and Hudson, 1978)
• Moser, Muriel. 2018. Emperor and Senators in the Reign of Constantius II. Cambridge University Press.
• Odahl, C.M., Constantine and the Christian Empire (Routledge, 2004)
• Pelikan, J.J., The Christian Tradition (University of Chicago, 1989)
• Potter, D.S., The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 (Routledge, 2004)
• Salzman, M.R., The Making of a Christian Aristocracy: Social and Religious Change in the Western Roman Empire (Harvard University Press, 2002)
• Schäfer, P., The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World (Routledge, 2003)
• Seeck, Otto, "Constantius 4", Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, volume IV.1, Stuttgart, 1900, columns 1044–1094.
• Vagi, D.L. & Coquand, T., Coinage and History of the Roman Empire (Taylor & Francis, 2001)
• Vasiliev, A.A., History of the Byzantine Empire 324–1453 (University of Wisconsin Press, 1958)

بیرونی روابط

• This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Constantius II relating to Christianity.