سلطنت طربزون

سلطنت طربزون
Empire of Trebizond
سلطنت طربزون; Empire of Trebizond
	1204–1461
	Map of the Empire of Trebizond shortly after the foundation of the لاطینی سلطنت in 1204, featuring the short-lived conquests in western اناطولیہ by David Komnenos (later reconquered by the سلطنت نیقیہ) and سینوپ، ترکیe (later conquered by the سلاجقہ روم).
حیثیت	Successor of the بازنطینی سلطنت; موکل ریاست of the Kingdom of Georgia (1204–1227); Vassal of the منگول سلطنت (1243–1336);
دار الحکومت	طربزون
عمومی زبانیں	Pontic Greek (official); Laz; Western Armenian, قدیم اناطولی ترکی, لیگوریائی (رومنی زبان), لاطینی زبان;
مذہب	یونانی راسخ الاعتقاد کلیسیا
حکومت	بادشاہت
Notable emperors1
• 1204–1222	Alexios I
• 1238–1263	Manuel I
• 1280–1297	John II
• 1349–1390	Alexios III
• 1459–1461	David
تاریخی دور	Late Middle Ages
•	1204
• Fall of Constantinople to the چوتھی صلیبی جنگ	12 April 1204
• Submission to the منگول سلطنت	1243
• Permanent loss of سینوپ، ترکی	1265
• John II renounces Imperial claims	1282
• Trapezuntine Civil Wars	1340–1349
•	15 August 1461
ماقبل	مابعد
	Byzantine Empire; (Angelos dynasty)
Ottoman Empire
Genoese Gazaria
Principality of Theodoro
موجودہ حصہ	جارجیا; روس; ترکیہ; یوکرین
	1 the full title of the Trapezuntine emperors after 1282 was "the faithful Basileus and Autokrator of All the East, the Iberians and Perateia"

سلطنت طربزون (انگریزی: Empire of Trebizond) (یونانی: Αυτοκρατορία της Τραπεζούντας)، بازنطینی سلطنت کی تین جانشین ریاستوں میں سے ایک سلطنت تھی۔

حواشی

↑ "Some scholars believe that the new state was subject to Georgia, at least in the first years of its existence, at the beginning of the 13th century."^[2]^[3]

حوالہ جات

↑ This is the date determined by Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp. 205–207 doi:10.3406/rebyz.1949.1014
↑ Vasiliev, A. A. (1936)۔ "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond 1204–1222"۔ Speculum۔ 11 (1): 3–37۔ JSTOR 2846872۔ doi:10.2307/2846872
↑
↑ Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Laz "Though Greek in higher culture, the rural areas of Trebizond empire appear to have been predominantly Laz in ethnic composition."
↑ Rustam Shukurov (2016)۔ The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461۔ صفحہ: 289۔ A remarkable feature of the Pontic situation in that some groups of nomad apparently wandered Trapezuntine territories as subjects of the Grand Komnenoi. According to Brendemoen, by the 14th century, a group of Pontic nomads was bilingual and spoke both Turkic and Greek. In addition to the case of the Christian Çepni, this is substantiated by linguistic data. Moreover, the earliest Turkic dialect of the Pontos was based on the Aqqoyunlu Turkic dialect under the influence of Pontic Greek.
↑
↑ Pascal Androudis (2017)۔ "Présence de l'aigle bicéphale en Trebizonde et dans la principauté grecque de Théodoro en Crimée (XIVe-XVe siècles)" (PDF)۔ Byzantiaka (بزبان فرانسیسی)۔ 34: 179–218۔ ISSN 1012-0513

ذرائع اور تحقیق

بنیادی مصادر

Basilios Bessarion, The praise of Trebizond
Michael Panaretos, Chronicle

ثانوی مصادر

Anthony Bryer & David Winfield, The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos (DOS. XX), vol. 1–2, Washington, 1985.
Anthony Bryer, Peoples and Settlement in Anatolia and the Caucasus, 800–1900, Variorum collected studies series, London, 1988.
Anthony Bryer (1980)۔ The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontos۔ London: Variorum Reprints۔ ISBN 978-0-86078-062-5
Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer, Geschichte des Kaiserthums Trapezunt (Munich, 1827–1848)
George Finlay, The History of Greece, from Its Conquest by the Crusaders to Its Conquest by the Turks, and of the Empire of Trebizond: 1204–1461. Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1851.
Émile Janssens. Trébizonde en Colchide. Bruxelles: Presses universitaires de Bruxelles, 1969,
Sergei Karpov, L' impero di Trebisonda, Venezia, Genova e Roma, 1204–1461. Rapporti politici, diplomatici e commerciali. Roma, 1986.
Sergei Karpov, Трапезундская империя и западноевропейские государства, 1204–1461. ("The Empire of Trebizond and the nations of Western Europe, 1204–1461".) Moscow, 1981.
Sergei Karpov, История Трапезундской империи ("A history of the empire of Trebizond"). Saint Petersburg, 2007.
William Miller, Trebizond: The Last Greek Empire, (1926; repr. Chicago: Argonaut Publishers, 1968)
Donald Queller, Thomas F. Madden, The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2nd ed., 1997. آئی ایس بی این 0-8122-3387-5
Alexios G. K. Savvides (2009)۔ Ιστορία της Αυτοκρατορίας των Μεγάλων Κομνηνών της Τραπεζούντας (1204–1461). 2η Έκδοση με προσθήκες [History of the Empire of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond (1204–1461). 2nd Edition with additions] (بزبان یونانی)۔ Thessaloniki: Kyriakidis Brothers S.A.۔ ISBN 978-960-467-121-2
Rustam Shukurov, Великие Комнины и Восток (1204—1461) ("The Megas Komnenos and the Orient (1204–1461)"). Saint Petersburg, 2001, 446 pp (in Russian), آئی ایس بی این 5-89329-337-1
Levan Urushadze, The Comnenus of Trabizond and the Bagrationi dynasty of Georgia. — J. "Tsiskari", Tbilisi, No 4, 1991, pp. 144–148: in Georgian.
Fyodor Uspensky, From the history of the Empire of Trabizond (Ocherki iz istorii Trapezuntskoy Imperii), Leningrad, 1929 (in Russian).
Ahmet M. Zehiroğlu (2016)۔ Trabzon İmparatorluğu 2 [The Empire of Trebizond (Vol.2) (1222–1382)] (بزبان ترکی)۔ Istanbul۔ ISBN 978-6054567522
Ahmet M. Zehiroğlu (2018)۔ Trabzon İmparatorluğu 3 [The Empire of Trebizond (Vol.3) (1382-1451)] (بزبان ترکی)۔ Istanbul۔ ISBN 978-6058103207

مزید پڑھیے

Antony Eastmond (2004)۔ Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond۔ Routledge۔ ISBN 0754635759
Eastmond, Antony، مدیر (2016)۔ Byzantium's Other Empire: Trebizond۔ Ege Yayinlari۔ ISBN 978-6059388009

بیرونی روابط

ویکی ذخائر پر Empire of Trebizond سے متعلق تصاویر

[4] "Some scholars believe that the new state was subject to Georgia, at least in the first years of its existence, at the beginning of the 13th century."^[2]^[3]

[Babinger-1949-1] This is the date determined by Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp. 205–207 doi:10.3406/rebyz.1949.1014

[Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37-2] Vasiliev, A. A. (1936)۔ "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond 1204–1222"۔ Speculum۔ 11 (1): 3–37۔ JSTOR 2846872۔ doi:10.2307/2846872

[Ostrogorsky,_G._1997_pp._102,_305-3] ↑

[5] Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Laz "Though Greek in higher culture, the rural areas of Trebizond empire appear to have been predominantly Laz in ethnic composition."

[shukurov-6] Rustam Shukurov (2016)۔ The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461۔ صفحہ: 289۔ A remarkable feature of the Pontic situation in that some groups of nomad apparently wandered Trapezuntine territories as subjects of the Grand Komnenoi. According to Brendemoen, by the 14th century, a group of Pontic nomads was bilingual and spoke both Turkic and Greek. In addition to the case of the Christian Çepni, this is substantiated by linguistic data. Moreover, the earliest Turkic dialect of the Pontos was based on the Aqqoyunlu Turkic dialect under the influence of Pontic Greek.

[Hewsen47-7] ↑

[8] Pascal Androudis (2017)۔ "Présence de l'aigle bicéphale en Trebizonde et dans la principauté grecque de Théodoro en Crimée (XIVe-XVe siècles)" (PDF)۔ Byzantiaka (بزبان فرانسیسی)۔ 34: 179–218۔ ISSN 1012-0513

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