مجاہدین خلق

مجاہدین خلق
	Black ستمبر، انقلاب ایران، Iran hostage crisis، Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution، ایران عراق جنگ، 1991ء کا ناکام انقلاب عراق، 2003 invasion of Iraq، 2011 Camp Ashraf raid، 2013 Camp Ashraf attack، Iran–Israel proxy conflict، Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict میں شریک
متحرک	1971–1977; 1979–present; Since 20 جون 1987 as NLA
رہنماہان	مریم رجوی، deputy commander-in-chief; Mousa Khiabani, Commander (1981–1982; لڑائی میں مقتول); Ali Zarkesh, Commander (1982–1988; لڑائی میں مقتول); Ebrahim Zakeri, Head of 'Security and Counter-Terrorism' (1993–2003);
کاروائیوں کے علاقے	ایران and عراق
قوت	Brigade (at peak)
اتحادی	Iraq (1982–2003); اسرائیل; سعودی عرب; Non-state allies Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (1960s–1981); Fatah (1969–1970s); تنظیم آزادی فلسطین (1969–1970s); Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (1981–1985); ;
مخالفین	پہلوی خاندان (1965–1979); ایران (Since 1981); Non-state opponents Patriotic Union of Kurdistan; Islamic Supreme Council; Badr Organization; Mukhtar Army; ;
لڑائیاں اور جنگیں	Operation Eternal Light

; سازمان مجاهدين خلق
مخفف	MKO, MEK, PMOI
رہنما	مریم رجوی and Massoud Rajavi
سیکرٹری جنرل	Zohreh Akhyani
	Founders Mohammad Hanifnejad; Saeid Mohsen; Mohammad Asgarizadeh; Rasoul Meshkinfam; Ali-Asghar Badi'zadegan; Ahmad Rezaei; ;
نعرہ	عربی: فَضَّلَ اللَّهُ الْمُجَاهِدِينَ عَلَى الْقَاعِدِينَ أَجْرًا عَظِيمًا "God Has Preferred The Mujahideen Over Those Who Remain [behind] With A Great Reward." [قرآن 4:95]
تاسیس	5 ستمبر 1965؛ 57 سال قبل
تقسیم از	Freedom Movement
صدر دفتر	پیرس، فرانس (1981–1986; 2003–) Camp Liberty، عراق (2012–2016); Camp Ashraf، عراق (1986–2013); تہران، ایران (1965–1981);
اخبار	Mojahed
Military wing	National Liberation Army (NLA)
Political wing	National Council of Resistance (NCR)
رکنیت (2011)	5,000 to 13,500 (DoD estimate)
نظریات	Islamic Marxism; Opportunism; Nationalism; Populism;
سیاسی حیثیت	بایاں بازو
مذہب	اہل تشیع
جماعت کا پرچم
	; ;
ویب سائٹ
	www.Mojahedin.org

مجاہدین خلق ایران ایرانی نظام کی ایک مخالف تنظیم ہے جس کی بنیاد 1965ء میں چند جدت پسند ایرانیوں کے ہاتھوں پڑی، شاہ ایران کا تختہ الٹنے میں اس تنظیم نے اہم کردار ادا کیا، 80 کی دہائی کے شروع میں اس تنظیم نے اسلامی جمہوریہ ایران کے خلاف جنگ شروع کی تاکہ ایک ڈیموکریٹک اسلامی مملکت کا قیام عمل میں لایا جاسکے، ان کے عسکری کیمپ شمالی عراق میں ہیں، اس تنظیم کے حالیہ سربراہ مسعود رجوی ہیں۔

حوالہ جاتترميم

حواشی

↑ Since 1993, they are “Co–equal Leader”^[1] however Massoud Rajavi has disappeared in 2003 and leadership of the group has practically passed to his wife Maryam Rajavi.^[2]

حوالہ جات

↑ Steven O'Hern (2012). Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat That Grows While America Sleeps. Potomac Books, Inc. صفحہ 208. ISBN 1-59797-701-2.
↑ Stephen Sloan؛ Sean K. Anderson (2009). Historical Dictionary of Terrorism. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest (ایڈیشن 3). Scarecrow Press. صفحہ 454. ISBN 0-8108-6311-1.
↑ "Annual Congress elects Zohreh Akhyani as new Secretary General". NCR Iran. 2011-09-08. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 05 جنوری 2013.
^ ^ا ^ب Houchang E. Chehabi (1990). Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini. I.B.Tauris. صفحات 211. ISBN 1-85043-198-1.
^ ^ا ^ب Aaron Schwartz (اپریل 2014). "National Security and the Protection of Constitutional Liberties: How the Foreign Terrorist Organization List Satisfies Procedural Due Process". The Penn State Journal of Law & International Affair. 3 (1): 293–323. ISSN 2168-7951.
↑
↑ Eileen Barker (2016). Revisionism and Diversification in New Religious Movements. Routledge. صفحہ 174. ISBN 1-317-06361-9. Looking at the original official ideology of the group, one notices some sort of ideological opportunism within their 'mix and match' set of beliefs.
^ ^ا ^ب Mehrzad Boroujerdi (1996). Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism. Syracuse University Press. صفحہ 117. ISBN 978-0-8156-0433-4. ۔۔۔the ideological worldview of Mojahedin rested upon two of the main characteristics of Iranian social thought at the time: nationalism and populism.
↑ Bashiriyeh، Hossein. The State and Revolution in Iran (RLE Iran D). Taylor & Francis. صفحہ 74. ISBN 978-1-136-82089-2. Thus the Mojahedin's opposition to Western influence and its call for economic freedom from the West led it to reject the system of capitalism and to present a radical interpretation of Islam. This was also true of the radical Islamic nationalist movement as a whole.
↑ Fred Reinhard Dallmayr (199). Border Crossings: Toward a Comparative Political Theory. Lexington Books. صفحہ 136. ISBN 978-0-7391-0043-1. To provide an Islamic justification for their populist program, Mojahedin often utilized the euphemism coined by Shariati.
↑ Stephanie Cronin (2013). Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left. Routledge. صفحہ 191. ISBN 1-134-32890-7.
↑ Abrahamian، Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin. I.B. Tauris. صفحات 171–172. ISBN 1-85043-077-2.
↑ Mary Ann Tétreault؛ Ronnie D. Lipschutz (2009). Global Politics as if People Mattere. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. صفحہ 97. ISBN 0-7425-6658-7. US. military leaders in Iraq signed a cease-fire agreement with the MKO in اپریل 2003 that allowed it to keep all its weapons, including hundreds of tanks and thousands of light arms, as long as it did not attack US. forces
↑ John H. Lorentz (2010). "Chronology". The A to Z of Iran. The A to Z Guide Series. 209. Scarecrow Press. صفحات جون 1978. ISBN 1-4617-3191-7.
↑ Seyyed Hossein Mousavian (2008). "Iran-Germany Relations". Iran-Europe Relations: Challenges and Opportunities. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-06219-2.
^ ^ا ^ب Tom Lansford (2015). "Iran". Political Handbook of the World 2015. CQ Press. ISBN 1-4833-7155-7.
↑ "Honoring a Great Hero for Iran's Freedom, World Peace and Security: Hon. Edolphus Towns of New York in the House of Represetitives, 27 مارچ 2003". United States of America Congressional Record. Government Printing Office. 2003. صفحہ 7794.
^ ^ا ^ب لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔
↑ لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔
↑ لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔
↑
*سیمور ہرش (5 اپریل 2012). "Our Men in Iran?". دی نیو یارکر. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016. الوسيط |url-status= تم تجاهله (معاونت); تحقق من التاريخ في: |access-date=, |date= (معاونت)
- Brian Williams (9 فروری 2012). "Israel teams with terror group to kill Iran's nuclear scientists, U.S. officials tell NBC News". NBC News. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016.
- Ismail Salami (8 جنوری 2015). "Mujahedin Khalq Organization (MKO): US-Israel Sponsored Terrorist Entity directed against Iran". The Centre for Research on Globalization. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016.
↑
*Goulka, Jeremiah; Hansell, Lydia; Wilke, Elizabeth; Larson, Judith (2009). "The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: a policy conundrum" (PDF). RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-4701-4. صيانة CS1: يستخدم وسيط المؤلفون (link)
- Hossein Mousavian (21 جولائی 2016). "From Iran to Nice, We Must Confront All Terrorism to End Terrorism". ہف پوسٹ. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016.
- Arash Karami (2 اگست 2016). "Were Saudis behind Abbas-MEK meeting?". Al-Monitor. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016.
↑ لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔
^ ^ا ^ب United States. Dept. of State. International Information Administration. Documentary Studies Section, United States Information Agency, United States Information Agency. Special Materials Section, United States. International Communication Agency (1980). Problems of Communism. 29. Documentary Studies Section, International Information Administration. صفحہ 15. There is evidence that as earlt as 1969 it received arms and training from the PLO, especially Yasir Arafat's Fatah group. Some of the earliest Mojahedin supporters took part in black ستمبر in 1970 in Jordan.
^ ^ا ^ب لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔
^ ^ا ^ب لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔

کتابیاتترميم

Abrahamian، Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press.
Abrahamian، Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin. IB Tauris.
Abrahamian، Ervand (Oct 1, 1992). The Iranian Mojahedin. Yale University Press. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 13 جون 2017.
Keddie، Nikkie (1981). Roots of Revolution.
Moin، Baqer (2001). Khomeini. Thomas Dunne.
Stevenson، Struan (2015). Self-Sacrifice – Life with the Iranian Mojahedin. Birlinn, Edinburgh, ISBN 978 1 78027 288 7.

بیرونی روابطترميم

سرکاریترميم

"The MEK". 06 جنوری 2019 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ.
Website of the National Council for Resistance (NCR)
National Council of Resistance of Iran – Foreign Affairs Committee
U.S. Department of State: MEK Profile; 2014: no longer in use آرکائیو شدہ (Date missing) بذریعہ library.nps.navy.mil (Error: unknown archive URL)
Economist article

= دیگرترميم

Global Security on MEK
(فارسی میں) News and Information on Mujahedin-e Khalgh (MEK/MEK/NCR)آرکائیو شدہ (Date missing) بذریعہ nejatngo.com (Error: unknown archive URL)
"MKO Watch". 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ.
Brian Binley (British MP) argues for removing the MEK from terror lists^{[مردہ ربط]}
Washington Times Article آرکائیو شدہ (Date missing) بذریعہ washingtontimes.com (Error: unknown archive URL)
Economist article
Book: The United States and Iran آرکائیو شدہ (Date missing) بذریعہ books.google.com (Error: unknown archive URL)

سانچہ:Iranian exiled parties

[3] Since 1993, they are “Co–equal Leader”^[1] however Massoud Rajavi has disappeared in 2003 and leadership of the group has practically passed to his wife Maryam Rajavi.^[2]

[1] Steven O'Hern (2012). Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat That Grows While America Sleeps. Potomac Books, Inc. صفحہ 208. ISBN 1-59797-701-2.

[hdot-2] Stephen Sloan؛ Sean K. Anderson (2009). Historical Dictionary of Terrorism. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest (ایڈیشن 3). Scarecrow Press. صفحہ 454. ISBN 0-8108-6311-1.

[4] "Annual Congress elects Zohreh Akhyani as new Secretary General". NCR Iran. 2011-09-08. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 05 جنوری 2013.

[Iranian_Politics-5] ا ^ب Houchang E. Chehabi (1990). Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini. I.B.Tauris. صفحات 211. ISBN 1-85043-198-1.

[PSJLIA-6] ا ^ب Aaron Schwartz (اپریل 2014). "National Security and the Protection of Constitutional Liberties: How the Foreign Terrorist Organization List Satisfies Procedural Due Process". The Penn State Journal of Law & International Affair. 3 (1): 293–323. ISSN 2168-7951.

[DUP-7] ↑

[8] Eileen Barker (2016). Revisionism and Diversification in New Religious Movements. Routledge. صفحہ 174. ISBN 1-317-06361-9. Looking at the original official ideology of the group, one notices some sort of ideological opportunism within their 'mix and match' set of beliefs.

[ideology-9] ا ^ب Mehrzad Boroujerdi (1996). Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism. Syracuse University Press. صفحہ 117. ISBN 978-0-8156-0433-4. ۔۔۔the ideological worldview of Mojahedin rested upon two of the main characteristics of Iranian social thought at the time: nationalism and populism.

[10] Bashiriyeh، Hossein. The State and Revolution in Iran (RLE Iran D). Taylor & Francis. صفحہ 74. ISBN 978-1-136-82089-2. Thus the Mojahedin's opposition to Western influence and its call for economic freedom from the West led it to reject the system of capitalism and to present a radical interpretation of Islam. This was also true of the radical Islamic nationalist movement as a whole.

[11] Fred Reinhard Dallmayr (199). Border Crossings: Toward a Comparative Political Theory. Lexington Books. صفحہ 136. ISBN 978-0-7391-0043-1. To provide an Islamic justification for their populist program, Mojahedin often utilized the euphemism coined by Shariati.

[12] Stephanie Cronin (2013). Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left. Routledge. صفحہ 191. ISBN 1-134-32890-7.

[ri-13] Abrahamian، Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin. I.B. Tauris. صفحات 171–172. ISBN 1-85043-077-2.

[14] Mary Ann Tétreault؛ Ronnie D. Lipschutz (2009). Global Politics as if People Mattere. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. صفحہ 97. ISBN 0-7425-6658-7. US. military leaders in Iraq signed a cease-fire agreement with the MKO in اپریل 2003 that allowed it to keep all its weapons, including hundreds of tanks and thousands of light arms, as long as it did not attack US. forces

[15] John H. Lorentz (2010). "Chronology". The A to Z of Iran. The A to Z Guide Series. 209. Scarecrow Press. صفحات جون 1978. ISBN 1-4617-3191-7.

[16] Seyyed Hossein Mousavian (2008). "Iran-Germany Relations". Iran-Europe Relations: Challenges and Opportunities. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-06219-2.

[CQP-17] ا ^ب Tom Lansford (2015). "Iran". Political Handbook of the World 2015. CQ Press. ISBN 1-4833-7155-7.

[18] "Honoring a Great Hero for Iran's Freedom, World Peace and Security: Hon. Edolphus Towns of New York in the House of Represetitives, 27 مارچ 2003". United States of America Congressional Record. Government Printing Office. 2003. صفحہ 7794.

[gs-19] ا ^ب لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔

[20] لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔

[21] لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔

[22] *سیمور ہرش (5 اپریل 2012). "Our Men in Iran?". دی نیو یارکر. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016.
Brian Williams (9 فروری 2012). "Israel teams with terror group to kill Iran's nuclear scientists, U.S. officials tell NBC News". NBC News. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016.

Ismail Salami (8 جنوری 2015). "Mujahedin Khalq Organization (MKO): US-Israel Sponsored Terrorist Entity directed against Iran". The Centre for Research on Globalization. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016.

[23] Brian Williams (9 فروری 2012). "Israel teams with terror group to kill Iran's nuclear scientists, U.S. officials tell NBC News". NBC News. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016.

[24] Ismail Salami (8 جنوری 2015). "Mujahedin Khalq Organization (MKO): US-Israel Sponsored Terrorist Entity directed against Iran". The Centre for Research on Globalization. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016.

[23] *Goulka, Jeremiah; Hansell, Lydia; Wilke, Elizabeth; Larson, Judith (2009). "The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: a policy conundrum" (PDF). RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-4701-4.
Hossein Mousavian (21 جولائی 2016). "From Iran to Nice, We Must Confront All Terrorism to End Terrorism". ہف پوسٹ. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016.

Arash Karami (2 اگست 2016). "Were Saudis behind Abbas-MEK meeting?". Al-Monitor. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016.

[26] Hossein Mousavian (21 جولائی 2016). "From Iran to Nice, We Must Confront All Terrorism to End Terrorism". ہف پوسٹ. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016.

[27] Arash Karami (2 اگست 2016). "Were Saudis behind Abbas-MEK meeting?". Al-Monitor. 26 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ. اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 اگست 2016.

[24] لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔

[cp-25] ا ^ب United States. Dept. of State. International Information Administration. Documentary Studies Section, United States Information Agency, United States Information Agency. Special Materials Section, United States. International Communication Agency (1980). Problems of Communism. 29. Documentary Studies Section, International Information Administration. صفحہ 15. There is evidence that as earlt as 1969 it received arms and training from the PLO, especially Yasir Arafat's Fatah group. Some of the earliest Mojahedin supporters took part in black ستمبر in 1970 in Jordan.

[Kurds-26] ا ^ب لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔

[nso-27] ا ^ب لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔

[ا]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[1]

[2]

مجاہدین خلق
Black ستمبر، انقلاب ایران، Iran hostage crisis، Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution، ایران عراق جنگ، 1991ء کا ناکام انقلاب عراق، 2003 invasion of Iraq، 2011 Camp Ashraf raid، 2013 Camp Ashraf attack، Iran–Israel proxy conflict، Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict میں شریک
متحرک	1971–1977^[11] 1979^[12]–present^[13] Since 20 جون 1987 as NLA^[14]
رہنماہان	مریم رجوی، deputy commander-in-chief^[15] Mousa Khiabani, Commander (1981–1982; لڑائی میں مقتول)^[16] Ali Zarkesh, Commander (1982–1988; لڑائی میں مقتول)^[16] Ebrahim Zakeri, Head of 'Security and Counter-Terrorism' (1993–2003)^[17]
کاروائیوں کے علاقے	ایران and عراق^[18]
قوت	Brigade (at peak)^[19]
اتحادی	Iraq (1982–2003)^[20] اسرائیل^[21] سعودی عرب^[22] Non-state allies Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (1960s–1981)^[23] Fatah (1969–1970s)^[24] تنظیم آزادی فلسطین (1969–1970s)^[24] Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (1981–1985)^[25]
مخالفین	پہلوی خاندان (1965–1979) ایران (Since 1981) Non-state opponents Patriotic Union of Kurdistan^[25] Islamic Supreme Council^[26] Badr Organization^[26] Mukhtar Army^[18]
لڑائیاں اور جنگیں	Operation Eternal Light