یورپی شہروں کے مختلف زبانوں میں نام (اے)
یہ یورپی شہروں کے مختلف زبانوں میں ناموں کی فہرست (انگریزی: Names of European cities in different languages) ہے۔
اردو نام | دیگر نام یا سابقہ نام |
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اوپنغو | Aabenraa or Åbenrå (Danish*), Appenrade (French*), Apenrua (مغربی فریسی زبان), Ōbenrō – オーベンロー (Japanese*), Abenra (قبائلی (زبان)*), Oben-ro – 오벤로 (Korean*), Obenro (Lithuanian*), Abenra – Абенра (Macedonian), Āběnlā – 阿本拉 (Mandarin Chinese), Aabenraa (Norwegian*), Obenro – Обенро (Serbian*), Àoběnluó – 奥本罗 (Simplified Chinese*), Affenråe or Affenrå (South Jutlandic), Åbenrå (Swedish*), Àoběnluó – 奧本羅 (Traditional Chinese), Obenró – Обенро́ (Ukrainian*) |
آخن | Aachen (المانی جرمن*, Bavarian*, بوسنیائی زبان*, بریٹن زبان*, Croatian*, Danish*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Icelandic*, ایڈو*, Indonesian*, بین لسانی*, Irish*, Kurmanji Kurdish*, Norwegian بوکمول*, Norwegian نینوشک*, شمالی فریسی زبان*, کیچوائی زبانیں*, Romanian*, Saterland Frisian*, اسکاٹس زبان*, Scottish Gaelic*, سربی کروشیائی*, Silesian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Swedish*, Turkish*, بالائی سوربی زبان*, ولاپوک زبان*, Welsh*, زازاکی زبان*), Ahen – Ахен (چیچن زبان*, Macedonian*, Serbian*, تاتاری زبان*, Kazakh*), Oche or Óche (Aachen dialect*, Ripuarian, کولونی لہجہ*), Achen (کاشوبیائی زبان*), Aken (Dutch*, ذیلی جرمن زبان*, مغربی فریسی زبان*, Zeelandic*), Cáchy (Czech*, old Slovak*), Aix-la-Chapelle (traditional English, French*), Āḵan – آخن (Arabic*, Persian*), Aquisgrana (Corsican*, Italian*, Lombard*, صقلی زبان*), Akhen – Ախեն or Aakhen – Աախեն (Armenian), Aaxen (Azerbaijani*), Akisgran (Basque*), Áchien – А́хен (Belarusian*), Àhen – А̀хен (Bulgarian*), Aquisgrà (Catalan*), Āhēn – 阿很 or Yàchēn – 亞琛 / 亚琛 (Chinese*), Akeno or Aĥeno (اسپرانتو*), Aakheni – აახენი (Georgian*), Áachen – Άαχεν (Greek*), Akyísgranon – Ακυίσγρανον (Greek Katharevousa), Oakens (Gronings), Aachen – אאכן (Hebrew*), Aachen or Aquisgrano (Interlingua*), Āhen – アーヘン (Japanese*), Ahen – 아헨 (Korean*), Aquæ Granni, Aquisgrana, Aquis Granum, Aquisgranum or Urbs Aquensis (Latin*), Āhene (Latvian*), Achenas (Lithuanian*), Aoke (لمبرخی*), Oochen (Luxembourgish*), Aquisgran, Aisgran or Ais d'Alemanha (آکسیٹان زبان*), Takn (قدیم نورس), А́hen – А́хен (اوسیشیائی زبان*), Akwizgran (Polish*), Aquisgrano or Aquisgrão (Portuguese*), Áhen – А́хен (Russian*), Aquisgrán (آراغونی زبان*, آستوریائی زبان*, گالیشیائی زبان*, Spanish*), `ākhen – อาเค่น (Thai*), Aáhen – Аа́хен (Ukrainian*), Åxhe (والون زبان*) |
آلبو | Aalborg (Danish*, German, Dutch, Norwegian*, Spanish), Álaborg (Icelandic*), Alborg – Алборг (Serbian*), Olbor – Олбор (Bulgarian*), Ålborg (Swedish*), Oalbörg (Gronings), Olborga (Latvian*), Olborgas (Lithuanian*), Ōrubō – オールボー (Japanese*), Olboreu – 올보르 (Korean*), Àobǎo – 奥堡 (Mandarin) |
آلسٹ، بلجئیم | Aals (Limburgish*), Aalst (Dutch*, German, English), Alost (French*, Spanish), Alósti – Αλόστη (Greek), Alst – Алст (Macedonian, Serbian), Alstas (Lithuanian) Oilsjt (South Brabantian, used during Carnival*), Àosītè – 奥斯特 (Mandarin), Oalst (West Flemish) |
آرہس | Aarhaus or Arenhusen (former German*), Aarhus (Danish*, Dutch*, Hungarian*, Norwegian*), Àoěrhúsī – 奥尔胡斯/奧爾胡斯 (Chinese*), Århus (alternative Danish, Finnish*, German*, Swedish*), Árósar (Icelandic*), Oarhoes (Gronings), Ōfusu – オーフス (Japanese*), Órchous – Ώρχους (Greek), Oreuhuseu / Orŭhusŭ – 오르후스 (Korean*), Orhus (Lithuanian*, Turkish), Orhus – Орхус (Bulgarian*, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian*), Orhūsa (Latvian*), Aros or Aarhusium (Latin*) |
ابویل | Abavila (archaic Portuguese), Abbatis Villa (Latin), Abbeville (French*, Dutch*, German, Romanian*), Abevil – Абевил (Serbian*), Abvil' – Абвиль (Russian*), Abvil – Абвил (Macedonian), Abvil (Turkish), Advil (Picard), Ābócūn – 阿伯村 (Mandarin) |
ابرڈین | Aberdea, Aberdona, Aberdonia*, Aberdonium, Aberdonum, Abredonia, Devana, Devanha or Verniconam (Latin*), Aberdin – Абердин (Russian*, Macedonian*, Serbian*), Aberdin (Turkish), Ābódīng – 阿伯丁 or Yàbódīng – 亚伯丁/亞伯丁 (Chinese*), Abadīn – アバディーン (Japanese*), Aiberdeen (Scots*), Obar Deathain (Irish), Obar Dheathain (Scottish Gaelicابرڈین) |
آدژود | Adjud (Romanian*), Egyedhalma (Hungarian), Adžud – Аџуд (Macedonian, Serbian) |
آئیود | Aiud (Romanian*), Ajud – Ајуд (Macedonian, Serbian*), Nagyenyed (Hungarian*), Straßburg am Mieresch (German*) |
اکس-آن-پرووانس | Aikso Provenca (Esperanto*), Ais (Provençal), Ais de Provença (Catalan*, Occitan*, Portuguese*), Aix-en-Provence (Dutch*, French*, Romanian*, Finnish*), Aquae Sextiae (Latin*), Eksangpeurobangseu / Eksangp'ŭrobangsŭ – 엑상프로방스 (Korean*), Eks-an-Provans – Экс-ан-Прованс (Russian*), Eks an Provans – Екс ан Прованс (Serbian*), Eks-an-Provans (Turkish), Pǔluówàngsī de Āikèsí – 普罗旺斯的艾克斯/普羅旺斯的艾克斯 (Mandarin) |
ایکس لے باں | Aix-les-Bains (Dutch*, French*, Finnish*), Aquae Allobrogum, Aquae Gratianae or Aquae Sabaudiae (Latin*), Eks le Ben – Екс ле Бен (Serbian*), Ekusureban – エクスレバン (Japanese*) |
اژاکسی او | Aiacciu (کارسیکائی زبان*), Aiákio – Αιάκειο (Greek), Ajaccio (Catalan cs:Ajaccio, Dutch*, French*, Finnish*, Italian*, Spanish*), Ajácio (Portuguese*), Ajačio – Ајачио or Ažaksio – Ажаксио (Macedonian), Ajačo – Ајачо (Serbian*), Ajaksio – 아작시오 or Ayacho / Ayach'o – 아야초 (Korean*), Ajakushio – アジャクシオ (Japanese*), Ayachcho – Аяччо (Russian*), Āyǎkèxiāo – 阿雅克肖 (Chinese*), Ayaçço (Turkish) |
آیدووشچینا | Castrum ad fluvium frigidum (Latin), Aidussina (Italian), Ajdovščina (Slovene*), Ajdovščina – Ајдовшчина (Serbian*), Haidenschaft (German) |
البا یولیا | Alba Iulia (Romanian*), Alba-Julia (French), Alba Júlia (Portuguese*), Alba Julija – Алба Јулија (Serbian*, Macedonian), Apulon (Dacianالبا یولیا), Apulum or Alba Iulia (Latin*), Bălgrad (former nameالبا یولیا), Erdel Belgradı (Ottoman Turkish), Gyulafehérvár (Hungarian*), Karlsburg or Weißenburg (German*), Àobā Yóulìyà - 奥巴尤利娅/奧巴尤莉雅 (Mandarin) |
البسیط | Albacete (Dutch, Indonesian, Finnish, German, Spanishالبسیط), Albacète (French), al-Basīt – البسيط (Arabicالبسیط), Albaset – Албасет (Macedonian), Albasete – Альбасете (Russian*), Albasete – Албасете (Serbian*), Arubasete – アルバセテ (Japanese*) |
الیکساندروپولی | Alexandhroúpolis – Αλεξανδρούπολις (Greek Katharevousa), Aleksandropolis (Finnish), Aleksandrupolis (Lithuanian), Aleksandrupolis – Александруполис (Macedonian, Russian, Serbian*), Aleksandrupolis – Александруполіс (Ukrainian*), Alessandropoli (Italian), Alexandropolis (Latin*), Alexandrópolis (Portuguese*), Alexandhroúpoli – Αλεξανδρούπολη (Greek*), Alexandrúpoli (Catalan), Dedeağaç (Turkish*), Dedeagatch (former nameالیکساندروپولی), Dedeagh (former French*), Yàlìkèshāndéluóbólìsī/Āléikésāndélǔpōulìsī - 亚历克山德罗波利斯/阿雷克三德鲁剖利斯 (Mandarin) |
الجزیرہ الخضرا | Al-Jazeera Al-Khudra (Arabic*), Algeciras (Dutch, Finnish*, German, Spanish*), Algesiras (Lithuanian), Algésiras (French*), Algesires (Catalan*), Alhesiras – Алхесирас (Macedonian, Serbian*), Al'khesiras – Альхесирас (Russian*), Àohéxīlāsī - 奥和西拉斯 (Mandarin) |
الگیرو | Algero – Алгеро (Macedonian, Serbian*), Alghero (Finnish*, Italian*), Alĝiro (Esperanto), Algueiro (Portuguese, rare*), Alguer (Spanish*), Alguero (Ladino*), L'Alguer (Algherese dialect*, Catalan*, Gallego*, Occitan*), L'Aliera (Sassarese language*), S'Alighèra (Sardinian*) |
لقنت | Ákra Leuká – Ἄκρα Λευκά, Ákra Leukḗ – Ἄκρα Λευκὴ or Leukḕ Ákra – Λευκὴ Ἄκρα*, Loukéntoi – Λουκέντοι or Loúkenton – Λούκεντον (Ancient Greek*),[1] al-Laqant – اللقنت (Arabic*), Alacant (Catalan*), Alakanto (Esperanto*), Alicante (Dutch*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Alikánte – Αλικάντε or Alakánt – Αλακάντ (Modern Greek*), Alikante (Ladino*, Latvian*), Alikantė (Lithuanian*), Alikante – Аликанте (Macedonian, Russian*, Serbian*), Lucentum (Latin*), Ālìkǎntè - 阿利坎特 (Mandarin) |
المریہ | al-Mariyya (Ancient Arabic), Almeria (Catalan, Portuguese*), Almería (Spanish), Almeria (Portuguese), Almerija – Алмерија (Serbian*), Al'meriya – Альмерия (Russian*), Urci (Latin), Ā'ōuméilìyà - 阿欧梅利亚 (Mandarin) |
الیتوس | Alīta (Latvian), Alite (Yiddish), Alitus – Алитус (Serbian*), Allituseu / Allit'usŭ – 알리투스 (Korean*), Olita (Polish), Olita – Олита (Russian) |
الودالن | Älvdaelie (Southern Sami), Älvdalen (Swedish), Övdaln (Elfdalian), Tjyörtjbynn (Elfdalian alternate) |
الوسبین | Älvsbyn (Swedish), Ientjaválle (Lule Sami), Inčaválli (Northern Sami), Inntjáválle (Pite Sami) |
ایمسٹرڈیم | Aemstelredamme or Amstelredam (former Dutch), Amseutereudam / Amsŭt'erŭdam – 암스테르담 (Korean*), Amstardam (Irish), Amstardām – أمستردام (Arabic*), Amstelodamum (Latin*), Amstelodhámon – Αμστελόδαμον (Greek Katharevousa), Amsterdam (Azeri*, Catalan*, Croatian*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German, Indonesian*, Italian*, Limburgish*, Maltese, Polish*, Romanian*, Scottish Gaelic*, Swedish*, Tagalog*, Turkish*, West Frisian*) Amsterdam – Амстердам (Bulgarian*, Macedonian, Russian*, Serbian*, Ukrainian*), Amsterdam – אמסטרדם (Hebrew*), Ámsterdam (Spanish*), Ámsterdam – Άμστερνταμ (Greek*), Amsterdam – אַמסטערדאַם (Yiddish*), Amsterdama (Latvian*), Amsterdamas (Lithuanian*), Amsterdamo (Esperanto*), Âmesterdâm – آمستردام (Persian), Amsterdão, Amsterdã or Amesterdão (Portuguese*), Amsterodam (Czech*), Amstyerdam – Амстэрдам (Belarusian*), Amszterdam (Hungarian*), Āmǔsītèdān – 阿姆斯特丹 (Chinese*), Amusuterudamu – アムステルダム (Japanese*), Mokum or Mokum Aleph or Groot-Mokum (Yiddish, informal*) |
انکونا | Ancona (Croatian, Dutch, German, Italian), Ancône (French*), Ānkēnà – 安科納/安科纳 (Chinese*), Ankóna – Αγκώνα (Greek), Ankōna – アンコーナ (Japanese*), Ankona / Ank'ona – 안코나 (Korean*), Ankona (Maltese, Polish*), Ankona – Анкона (Russian*, Serbian*), Jakin (older Croatian*) |
آنکلام | Anclam (former German spellingآنکلام), Anklam (German*), Anklam – Анклам (Macedonian, Serbian), Nakło nad Pianą (Polish*), Tanglim or Wendenburg (older Germanآنکلام) |
اینٹورپن | Amberes (Spanish*), Amvérsa – Αμβέρσα (Greek), Anteubereupeon / Ant'ŭberŭp'ŏn – 안트베르펀 (Korean*), Āntèwèipǔ – 安特衛普/安特卫普 (Chinese*), Antorf (former German*), Antowāpu – アントワープ (Japanese*), Antuairp (Irish), Antuérpia (Portuguese*), Antverpen – Антверпен (Macedonian, Russian*, Serbian*, Ukrainian*), Antverpen – אנטוורפן (Hebrew), Antverpenas (Lithuanian), Antverpene (Latvian), Antverpeno (Esperanto*), Antverpy (Czech, Slovak), Antwaarp (Gronings), Antwerpe (neighbouring dialect, Limburgish), Antwerpen (Croatian*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Norwegian*, Swedish*), Antwerpia (Polish*), Antwīrb (Arabic), Anveres (Ladino), Anvers (French*, Catalan*, Romanian*, Turkish*), Anversa (Italian*), Anviesse (Walloon) |
آئوستا | Aosta (Italian*), Aoste* (French), Aousta (Piedmontese), Aoûta (Arpitan), Augschtal (Walser German), Osten (German, obsolete) |
آقویلیا | Ākuíláiyà – 阿奎萊亞/阿奎莱亚 (Chinese*), Akvileja – Аквилеја (Macedonian, Serbian*), Akvilia (Finnish), Akwileja (Polish*), Akyliía – Ακυληία or Akouiliía – Ακουιληία (Greek*), Aquilea (Spanish), Aquileia (Italian*, Portuguese*, Catalan, Romanian), Aquilea, Aquileia, Aglar(-n) or Agley (German*), Aquilée (French*), Aquilee (Friulian*), Oglej (Slovene*) |
اورہ | Ååre (Southern Sami), Åre (Swedish), Orė (Lithuanian) |
آریپلوگ | Aarjepluevie (Southern Sami), Árjapluovve (Pite Sami alternate), Árjeluovve (Pite Sami alternate), Arjeplog (Swedish), Árjepluovve (Lule Sami, Pite Sami), Árjepluovvi (Northern Sami), Árjiepluövvie (Ume Sami) |
آرخانگلسک | Arcangel (Portuguese*), Arcangelo (Italian*), Archandělsk (Czech*), Archangel (former English), Archángelos – Αρχάγγελος (Greek*), Arkhànguelsk (Catalan), Arcàngel (old Catalan), Archangelsk (Dutch*, German*), Archangelsk – ארחנגלסק (Hebrew*), Archangelskas (Lithuanian*), Archangeľsk (Slovak*), Archangielsk (Polish*), Areuhangelseukeu / Arŭhan'gelsŭk'ŭ – 아르한겔스크 (Korean*), Arhangelsk (Croatian*, Estonian*), Arhangelsk – Архангелск (Macedonian*, Serbian*), Arhangeļska (Latvian*), Arhangelszk (Hungarian), Āěrhàngéěrsīkè – 阿爾漢格爾斯克/阿尔汉格尔斯克 (Chinese, phonetic*), Dàtiānshǐ - 大天使 (Mandarin, lit.), Arhanghelsk (Romanian*, Turkish*), Arjángelsk (Spanish*), Arkángel (variant in Spanish*), Arkangeli (Finnish*), Arkangelsko (Esperanto*), Arkhangel (French*), Arkhangel'sk – Архангельск (Russian*), Arxangelsk (Azeri*), Sint-Michiel (Dutch, antiquated*) |
آرلون | Aarlen (Dutch*), Arel (German*, Luxembourgish*), Arlon (French*, Finnish*), Arlon – Арлон (Macedonian*, Russian*, Serbian*) |
ارنہم | Ānàmǔ – 阿納姆/阿纳姆 (Chinese*), Arnheim (German*), Arnhem (Croatian*, Dutch*, French*, Polish *), Arnhem – Арнхем (Macedonian*), Ārnhema (Latvian*), Arnhim (West Frisian*), Arnem – Арнем (Serbian*), Ernem (local dialect) |
آراس | Aras – Арас (Macedonian*, Serbian*), Arasu – アラス (Japanese*), Arazzo (medieval Italian*), Arracht (Gronings), Arràs (Catalan), Arras (French*, German*, Italian*, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Atrecht (Dutch*), Āhā – 阿哈 (Mandarin) |
آرویدسیور | Aerviesjaevrie (Southern Sami), Árvehávvre (Pite Sami), Árvesjávri (Northern Sami), Árvesjávrre (Lule Sami), Arvidsjaur (Swedish*), Árviesjávrrie (Ume Sami) |
آشافنبورگ | Ašafenburg – Ашафенбург (Macedonian*, Serbian), Aschaffenbourg (French*), Aschaffenburg (Dutch*, German*, Catalan), Aschaffenburgo (Spanish*), Āshāfēnbǎo - 阿莎芬堡 (Mandarin) |
اوسلہ | Åsele (Swedish), Sjeltie (Southern Sami) |
آسیزی | Ascesi (medieval Italian*), Asís (Spanish*), Āxīxī – 阿西西 or Yàxīxī – 亞西西 (Chinese*), Asisi – 아시시 (Korean*), Asisi (Romanian*), Asisi – Асиси (Macedonian*), Asizi – Асизи (Serbian*), Asizo (Esperanto*), Assis (Portuguese*), Assís (Catalan), Assise (French*), Assisien (older German*), Assisi (Dutch*, Italian*, Maltese), Assízi – Ασσίζη (Greek*), Assizi – Ассизи (Russian*), Asyż (Polish*) |
استراخان | an Astracáin (Irish), Aseuteurahan / Asŭt'ŭrahan – 아스트라한 (Korean*), Ästerxan (Tatar*), Astracã (Portuguese*), Astracanum (Latin*), Astrachan (Dutch*, German*), Astrachań (Polish*), Astrachán (Slovak*), Astrachán – Αστραχάν (Greek*), Astrahan (Croatian*, Estonian*, Finnish*, Turkish*), Astrahan – Астрахан (Serbian*), Astraĥano (Esperanto*), Astraján or Astracán (Spanish*), Astrakhan (French*, Italian*), Astrakhan – Астрахань (Russian*), Âstrâkhân – آستراخان (Persian), Asutorahan – アストラハン (Japanese*), Asztrahány (Hungarian*), Hâjitarkhân – حاجیترخان (former Persian), Həştərxan (Azeri*), Xacitarxan (former Tatar), Āsītèlāhǎn – 阿斯特拉罕 (Chinese*) |
ایتھنز | Afina (Azeri*), Afiny – Афины (Russian*), Afiny – Афіни or (old form) Ateny – Атени ((Ukrainian*)), An Aithin (Irish*), An Àithne (Scottish Gaelic*), Ateena (Estonian*, Finnish*), Aten (Norwegian*, Swedish*), Aten – אַטען (Yiddish*), Atena (Croatian*, Indonesian*, Romanian*), Atėnai (Lithuanian*), Atenas (Ladino, Portuguese*, Spanish*, Tagalog*), Atēnas (Latvian*), Atene (Frisian*, Italian*, Slovene*), Atene – アテネ (Japanese*), Atene / At'ene – 아테네 (Korean*), Atenes (Catalan*), Ateni (Maltese), Atenk – Աթենք (Armenian*), Ateno (Esperanto*), Ateny (Polish*), Atény (Czech*, Slovak*), Athen (Danish*, German*, Norwegian*, Welsh*), Athén (Hungarian*), Atena (Icelandic, rare*), Athenae (Latin*), Athḗnai – Ἀθῆναι (Ancient Greek), Athene (Dutch*, Limburgish*), Athènes (French*), Athény (alternate Czech*), Athína – Αθήνα (Greek*), Athíne – Ἀθῆναι (Greek Katharevousa), Atīnā (Arabic), Atina – Атина (Bulgarian*, Macedonian*, Serbian*), Atina (Turkish*), Atinci – Атинци (Bulgarian alternate name), Atuna – אתונה (Hebrew*), Aþena (Icelandic*), Cetines (Old Catalan), Yǎdiǎn – 雅典 (Chinese, simplified*) |
اتھلون | Baile Átha Luain (Irish*), Atlon – Атлон (Serbian*) |
اوگسبورگ | Ágosta (old Hungarian), Ágsborg (Icelandic*), Àogésībǎo – 奧格斯堡 (Chinese*), Áougsbourg – Άουγκσμπουργκ (Greek*), Augsbourg (French*), Augsburg (Dutch*, German*, Finnish*, Hungarian, Polish*, Catalan*, Romanian*, Turkish*), Augsburg – Аугсбург (Macedonian*, Russian*), Augsburg – אוגסבורג (Hebrew*), Augsburga (Latvian*), Augsburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*), Aŭgsburgo (Esperanto*), Augšpurk or Aušpurk (Czech*), Augzburg – Аугзбург (Serbian*), Augusta (Italian*), Augusta Vindelicorum (Latin*), Aukusuburuku – アウクスブルク (Japanese*), Avgústa – Αυγούστα (alternate Greek*), Oogsborg (Low Saxon) |
آوریش | Aurich (German), Auerk (Low German, Saterlandic), Aurich – אאוריך (Hebrew), Aurih – Аурих (Serbian*), Auwerk (Gronings, West Frisian) |
آوینیو | Abinyong – 아비뇽 (Korean*), Avenio (Latin*), Avignon (Croatian*, Dutch*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Romanian*), Avignone (Italian*), Avignoun (Provençal*), Avinhão (Portuguese*), Avinhon (Occitan*), Avinjon – Авињон (Macedonian*, Serbian*, Bulgarian), Avinjono (Esperanto*), Aviñón (Spanish*), Aviņona (Latvian*), Avinyó (Catalan*), Avin'on – Авиньон (Russian*), Āwéiníwēng – 阿維尼翁/阿维尼翁 (Chinese*), Awinion (Polish*) |
مزید دیکھیے
ترمیمحوالہ جات
ترمیم- ↑ Entry "Acra Leuce", in: William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, illustrated by numerous engravings on wood. Walton and Maberly / John Murray, London 1854.