ویکیپیڈیا

سانچہ:List of great powers by date

1815 1878 1900 معاہدۂ ورسائے دوسری جنگ عظیم 1945 2000
 آسٹریائی سلطنت[nb 1]  آسٹریا-مجارستان[nb 2]  آسٹریا-مجارستان[nb 3]
 سلطنت برطانیہ[nb 4]  سلطنت برطانیہ[nb 5]  سلطنت برطانیہ[nb 6]  سلطنت برطانیہ[nb 7]  مملکت متحدہ[nb 9]  مملکت متحدہ[nb 10]  مملکت متحدہ[nb 11]
 جمہوریہ چین (1912ء–1949ء)[nb 12]  چین[nb 13]
 بوربن بحالی[nb 14]  فرانسیسی جمہوریہ سوم[nb 15]  فرانسیسی جمہوریہ سوم[nb 16]  فرانسیسی جمہوریہ سوم[nb 17]  فرانسیسی جمہوریہ سوم[nb 18]  فرانسیسی جمہوریہ چہارم[nb 19]  فرانس[nb 20]
 مملکت پروشیا[nb 21]  جرمن سلطنت[nb 22]  جرمن سلطنت[nb 23]  نازی جرمنی[nb 24]  جرمنی[nb 25]
 Italy[nb 26]  Italy[nb 27]  Italy[nb 28]  Italy[nb 29]  اطالیہ[nb 30]
 سلطنت جاپان[nb 31]  سلطنت جاپان[nb 33]  سلطنت جاپان[nb 34]  جاپان[nb 35]
 سلطنت روس[nb 36]  سلطنت روس[nb 37]  سلطنت روس[nb 38]  سوویت یونین[nb 39]  سوویت یونین[nb 40]  روس[nb 41]
 ریاستہائے متحدہ[nb 42]  ریاستہائے متحدہ[nb 43]  ریاستہائے متحدہ[nb 44]  ریاستہائے متحدہ[nb 45]  ریاستہائے متحدہ[nb 46]

Notes included with template

  1. ↑ For Austria in 1815, see: [1][2][3]
  2. ↑ For Austria in 1880, see: [4]
  3. ↑ For Austria in 1900, see: [5]
  4. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 1815, see: [1][2][3]
  5. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 1880, see: [4]
  6. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 1990, see: [5]
  7. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 1919, see: [6]
  8. ↑ After the Statute of Westminster came into effect in 1931, the United Kingdom no longer represented the British Empire in world affairs.
  9. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 1938, see: [nb 8][7]
  10. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 1946, see: [1][8][9]
  11. ↑ For the United Kingdom in 2000, see: [10][11][8][1][12][13][14][15][16][17]
  12. ↑ For China in 1946, see: [1][8]
  13. ↑ For China in 2000, see: [1][8][11][15][18][19]
  14. ↑ For France in 1815, see: [1][2][3]
  15. ↑ For France in 1880, see: [4]
  16. ↑ For France in 1900, see: [5]
  17. ↑ For France in 1919, see: [6]
  18. ↑ For France in 1938, see: [7]
  19. ↑ For France in 1946, see: [1][8]
  20. ↑ For France in 2000, see: [10][1][8][11][12][13][15]
  21. ↑ For Germany in 1815, see: [1][2][3]
  22. ↑ For Germany in 1880, see: [4]
  23. ↑ For Germany in 1900, see: [5]
  24. ↑ For Germany in 1938, see: [7]
  25. ↑ For Germany in 2000, see: [10][1][11][12][13][15]
  26. ↑ For Italy in 1880, see: [20][21][22][23]
  27. ↑ For Italy in 1900, see: [5]
  28. ↑ For Italy in 1919, see: [6]
  29. ↑ For Italy in 1938, see: [7]
  30. ↑ For Italy in 2000, see: [10][12][13][24] [25][26]
  31. ↑ For Japan in 1900, see: [5]
  32. ↑ "The Prime Minister of Canada (during the معاہدۂ ورسائے) said that there were 'only three major powers left in the world the United States, Britain and Japan' ... (but) The Great Powers could not be consistent. At the instance of Britain, Japan's ally, they gave Japan five delegates to the Peace Conference, just like themselves, but in the Supreme Council the Japanese were generally ignored or treated as something of a joke." from Margaret MacMillan (2003)۔ Paris 1919۔ United States of America: Random House Trade۔ صفحہ: 306۔ ISBN 0-375-76052-0 
  33. ↑ For Japan in 1919, see: [6][nb 32]
  34. ↑ For Japan in 1938, see: [7]
  35. ↑ For Japan in 2000, see: [1][11][18][27][12][15]
  36. ↑ For Russia in 1815, see: [1][2][3]
  37. ↑ For Russia in 1880, see: [4]
  38. ↑ For Russia in 1900, see: [5]
  39. ↑ For Russia in 1938, see: [7]
  40. ↑ For Russia in 1946, see: [1][8][9]
  41. ↑ For Russia in 2000, see: [1][8][11][18][12][13][15]
  42. ↑ For the United States in 1900, see: [5]
  43. ↑ For the United States in 1919, see: [6]
  44. ↑ For the United States in 1938, see: [7]
  45. ↑ For the United States in 1946, see: [1][8][9]
  46. ↑ For the United States in 2000, see: [10][1][8][11][28][12][13][15]

References included with template

  1. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر​ ڑ​ ز ژ Peter Howard (2008)۔ "Great Powers"۔ Encarta۔ MSN۔ 31 اکتوبر 2009 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 20 دسمبر 2008 
  2. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ Eduard Fueter (1922)۔ World history, 1815–1920۔ United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company۔ صفحہ: 25–28, 36–44۔ ISBN 1584770775 
  3. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 (PDF chapter downloads) (PDF copy).
  4. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ Justin McCarthy (1880)۔ A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee۔ New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers۔ صفحہ: 475–476 
  5. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ David Dallin (November 2006)۔ The Rise of Russia in Asia۔ ISBN 9781406729191 
  6. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ Margaret MacMillan (2003)۔ Paris 1919۔ United States of America: Random House Trade۔ صفحہ: 36, 306, 431۔ ISBN 0-375-76052-0 
  7. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج Harrison, M (2000) The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison, Cambridge University Press.
  8. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ Robert Louden (2007)۔ The world we want۔ United States of America: Oxford University Press US۔ صفحہ: 187۔ ISBN 978-0195321371 
  9. ^ ا ب پ The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace (1944), written by William T.R. Fox
  10. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight۔ McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP۔ 17 January 2005۔ صفحہ: 85۔ ISBN 0773528369۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 13 جون 2016  ("The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers")
  11. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج T. V. Paul، James J. Wirtz، Michel Fortmann (2005)۔ Balance of Power۔ United States of America: State University of New York Press, 2005۔ صفحہ: 59, 282۔ ISBN 0791464016  Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States p.59
  12. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج Milena Sterio (2013)۔ The right to self-determination under international law : "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers۔ Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge۔ صفحہ: xii (preface)۔ ISBN 978-0415668187۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 13 جون 2016  ("The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.")
  13. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012۔ Cambridge University Press۔ 2013۔ صفحہ: 224۔ ISBN 978-1107471498۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 13 جون 2016  (During the Kosovo War (1998) "...Contact Group consisting of six great powers (the United states, Russia, France, Britain, Germany and Italy).")
  14. ↑ David McCourt (28 May 2014)۔ Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics۔ United States of America: University of Michigan Press۔ ISBN 978-0472072217 
  15. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج Joshua Baron (22 January 2014)۔ Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order۔ United States: Palgrave Macmillan۔ ISBN 978-1137299482 
  16. ↑ Malcolm Chalmers (May 2015)۔ "A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR" (PDF)۔ Royal United Services Institute۔ Briefing Paper (SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead): 2۔ While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'. 
  17. ↑ William Walker (22 September 2015)۔ "Trident's Replacement and the Survival of the United Kingdom"۔ International Institute for Strategic Studies, Global Politics and Strategy۔ 57 (5): 7–28۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 31 دسمبر 2015۔ Trident as a pillar of the transatlantic relationship and symbol of the UK's desire to remain a great power with global reach. 
  18. ^ ا ب پ UW Press: Korea's Future and the Great Powers
  19. ↑ Yong Deng and Thomas G. Moore (2004) "China Views Globalization: Toward a New Great-Power Politics?" The Washington Quarterly[مردہ ربط]
  20. ↑ Paul Kennedy (1987)۔ عظیم طاقتوں کا عروج و زوال۔ United States of America: Random House۔ صفحہ: 204۔ ISBN 0-394-54674-1 
  21. ↑ Antony Best، Jussi Hanhimäki، Joseph Maiolo، Kirsten Schulze (2008)۔ International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond۔ United States of America: روٹلیج۔ صفحہ: 9۔ ISBN 978-0415438964 
  22. ↑ Martin Wight (2002)۔ Power Politics۔ United Kingdom: Continuum International Publishing Group۔ صفحہ: 46۔ ISBN 0826461743 
  23. ↑ Kenneth Waltz (1979)۔ Theory of International Politics۔ United States of America: McGraw-Hill۔ صفحہ: 162۔ ISBN 0-07-554852-6 
  24. ↑ Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security۔ Netherlands: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies۔ 2014۔ صفحہ: Table on page 10 (Great Power criteria)۔ 11 اکتوبر 2016 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 14 جون 2016 
  25. ↑ Italy: 150 years of a small great power, eurasia-rivista.org, 21 December 2010
  26. ↑ Stephen Kuper۔ "Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019" (بزبان انگریزی)۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 22 جنوری 2020۔ Traditionally, great powers have been defined by their global reach and ability to direct the flow of international affairs. There are a number of recognised great powers within the context of contemporary international relations – with Great Britain, France, India and Russia recognised as nuclear capable great powers, while Germany, Italy and Japan are identified as conventional great powers 
  27. ↑ Richard N. Haass, "Asia's overlooked Great Power", Project Syndicate April 20, 2007.
  28. ↑ "Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era"۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 28 فروری 2007 
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