طبیعیات کا خاکہ

طبیعیات سائنس کی وہ شاخ ہے جس میں مادہ، توانائی، خلاء اور وقت کے اُصول و قوانین کا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے. یہ علم کائنات کے بنیادی اجزاء سے متعلق ہے.

ماہیّتِ طبیعیات

اصل مقالہ: طبیعیات

نظریہ	بڑے ذیلی مقالات	تصوّرات
قدیم آلاتیات	نیوٹن کے قوانین حرکت, Lagrangian mechanics, Hamiltonian mechanics, Kinematics, سکونیات, Dynamics, Chaos theory, سمعیات, Fluid dynamics, Continuum mechanics	Density, Dimension, کشش ثقل, خلاء, Time, حرکت, لمبائی, مقام, سمتار, Acceleration, Mass, Momentum, قوت, توانائی, Angular momentum, Torque, بقائی قانون, Harmonic oscillator, Wave, کام, قوّت
برقناطیسیت	برقی سکونیات, برقی حرکیات, بجلی, مقناطیسیت, Maxwell's equations, بصریات	گنجائش, برقی بار, برقی جار, برقی موصلیت, برقی میدان, Electric permittivity, برقی مزاحمت, برقناطیسی میدان, Electromagnetic induction, برقناطیسی اشعاع, Gaussian surface, Magnetic field, مقناطیسی سیلان, Magnetic monopole, مقناطیسی نفوذ پذیری
نظریۂ اضافیت	Special relativity, عمومی اضافیت, Einstein field equations	Covariance, Einstein manifold, Equivalence principle, Four-momentum, Four-vector, General principle of relativity, Geodesic motion, Gravity, Gravitoelectromagnetism, Inertial frame of reference, Invariance, Length contraction, Lorentzian manifold, Lorentz transformation, Metric, Minkowski diagram, Minkowski space, Principle of Relativity, Proper length, Proper time, Reference frame, Rest energy, Rest mass, Relativity of simultaneity, Spacetime, Special principle of relativity, Speed of light, Stress-energy tensor, Time dilation, Twin paradox, World line
Thermodynamics and Statistical mechanics	Heat engine, Kinetic theory	Boltzmann's constant, Conjugate variables, Enthalpy, Entropy, Equation of state, Equipartition theorem, First Law of Thermodynamics, Free energy, Heat, Ideal gas law, Internal energy, Irreversible process, Partition function, Pressure, Reversible process, Second Law of Thermodynamics, Spontaneous process, State function, Statistical ensemble, Temperature, Thermodynamic equilibrium, Thermodynamic potential, Thermodynamic processes, Thermodynamic state, Thermodynamic system, Third Law of Thermodynamics, Viscosity, Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Quantum mechanics	Path integral formulation, Scattering theory, Schrödinger equation, Quantum field theory, Quantum statistical mechanics	Adiabatic approximation, Correspondence principle, Free particle, Hamiltonian, Hilbert space, Identical particles, Matrix Mechanics, Planck's constant, Operators, Quanta, Quantization, Quantum entanglement, Quantum harmonic oscillator, Quantum number, Quantum tunneling, Schrödinger's cat, Dirac equation, Spin, Wavefunction, Wave mechanics, Wave-particle duality, Zero-point energy, Pauli Exclusion Principle, Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Branches of physics

Field	Subfields	Major theories	Concepts
Astrophysics	Cosmology, Gravitation physics, High-energy astrophysics, Planetary astrophysics, Plasma physics, Space physics, Stellar astrophysics	Big Bang, Lambda-CDM model, Cosmic inflation, General relativity, Law of universal gravitation	Black hole, Cosmic background radiation, Cosmic string, Cosmos, Dark energy, Dark matter, Galaxy, Gravity, Gravitational radiation, Gravitational singularity, Planet, Solar system, Star, Supernova, Universe
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics	Atomic physics, Molecular physics, Atomic and Molecular astrophysics, Chemical physics, Optics, Photonics	Quantum optics, Quantum chemistry, Quantum information science	Atom, Molecule, Diffraction, Electromagnetic radiation, Laser, Polarization, Spectral line, Casimir effect
Particle physics	Accelerator physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear astrophysics, Particle astrophysics, Particle physics phenomenology	Standard Model, Quantum field theory, Quantum chromodynamics, Electroweak theory, Effective field theory, Lattice field theory, Lattice gauge theory, Gauge theory, Supersymmetry, Grand unification theory, Superstring theory, M-theory	Fundamental force (gravitational, electromagnetic, weak, strong), Elementary particle, Spin, Antimatter, Spontaneous symmetry breaking, Brane, String, Quantum gravity, Theory of everything, Vacuum energy
Condensed matter physics	Solid state physics, High pressure physics, Low-temperature physics, Nanoscale and mesoscopic physics, Polymer physics	BCS theory, Bloch wave, Fermi gas, Fermi liquid, Many-body theory	Phases (gas, liquid, solid, Bose-Einstein condensate, superconductor, superfluid), Electrical conduction, Magnetism, Self-organization, Spin, Spontaneous symmetry breaking

History of physics

Main article: History of physics

Basic physics concepts

General concepts

Gravity - Light - Physical system - Physical observation - Physical quantity - Physical state - Physical unit - Physical theory - Physical experiment -

Theoretical concepts

Mass-energy equivalence - Particle - Physical field - Physical interaction - Physical law - Fundamental force - Physical constant - Wave

Basic quantities

Space - Length - Time - Mass - Electric charge - Energy - Matter - Potential - Force - Momentum - Velocity - Acceleration - Entropy - Temperature

Subfields

Acoustics - Aerodynamics - Classical mechanics - Condensed matter physics - Cosmology - Dynamics - Electromagnetism - Hydrodynamics - Kinematics - Mathematical physics - Mechanics - Optics - plasma physics - Quantum mechanics - Relativity - Statics - Thermodynamics

Famous physicists

Main list: List of physicists

Ibn ul Haitham - Father of optics and discovered reflection and refraction.
Dr. Abdul Salam - Great Scientist of Pakistan and also won the noble award on his work on weak nuclear energy and electromagnetism.
Archimedes - Laid down the laws of flotation and developed Archimedes' principle.^[1]
Niels Bohr - made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics. Widely considered one of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century.
Albert Einstein - Greatest scientist of the 20th century, and possibly of all time. Developed both the Special and General Theories of Relativity.
Richard Feynman - Expanded the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and developed the tool known as Feynman diagrams.
Isaac Newton - Laid the groundwork for classical mechanics.
Robert Oppenheimer - "Father of the atomic bomb."

Physics lists

Main article: List of physics topics

Notes

↑ Eminent scientists, Published by scholastic India pvt. Ltd.

External links

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