ویکیپیڈیا

فہرست نسل کشی بلحاظ اموات

فہرست نسل کشی بلحاظ اموات (انگریزی: List of genocides by death toll) میں وہ تمام اموات کے تخمینے شامل ہیں جو نسل کشی کی وجہ بنے۔ اس میں دوسرے کئی طرح کے قتل عام جیسے جنگی جرائم مثلاً سرخ دہشت، جنگ تیس سالہ، آگے کی جانب ایک عظیم پھلانگ اور عظيم دہشت شامل نہیں ہیں۔

نسل کشیوں کی فہرست

ترمیم
ایونٹ مقام سے(فرام) تک (ٹو) کم سے کم
تخمینہ 		زیادہ سے زیادہ
تخمینہ 		ہلاک ہونے والے گروپ کا تناسب
مرگ انبوہ[N 1]   جرمن مقبوضہ یورپ 1941 1945 5,750,000
[2] 		6,000,000
[3] 		&10000000000000025000000Around 2/3 of the Jewish population of Europe۔[4]
Generalplan Ost[N 1] 4,500,000
[5] 		13,700,000
[6] 		دوسری جنگ عظیم میں ہلاکتیں The Third Reich planned to artificially decrease Baltic and Slavic populations by tens of millions, mostly by starvation, during and after the war.

Deaths include 1.3 million Jews, which are included in the deaths of 6 million Jews during the Holocaust,[3] as well as the deaths of more than 3 million Soviet POWs.[3]

Holodomor (Голодомор)[N 2]
(Ukrainian genocide which is part of greater Soviet famine of 1932–33) 		  سوویت یونین (  یوکرینی سوویت اشتراکی جمہوریہ) 1932 1933 1,800,000
[18][19] 		7,500,000
[20][21] 		&10000000000000012000000 نسل کشی of یوکرینی through artificial starvation by the Soviet regime.[22][23] Its characterization as a genocide is debated amongst historians.[24][25][26]
Nazi genocide of Poles[N 1]   جرمن مقبوضہ یورپ 1939 1945 1,800,000
[3] 		3,000,000
[27] 		دوسری جنگ عظیم میں ہلاکتیں
Mongol conquest of Western Xia[N 3]   Mongol-dominated مغربی شیا 1205 1227 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 killed in the نسل کشی after the conquest (Half[33] the مغربی شیا[34][35][36] was exterminated)
Cambodian genocide[N 4]   Democratic Kampuchea 1975 1979 1,386,734
[45][46] 		3,000,000
[40][47] 		15–33% of total population of Cambodia killed[48][49] including:

99% of Cambodian Viets
50% of Cambodian Chinese and Cham
40% of Cambodian Lao and Thai
25% of Urban Khmer
16% of Rural Khmer

Kazakh genocide during the Soviet famine of 1932–33[N 5]
   سوویت یونین (  قازق خود مختار سوویت اشتراکی جمہوریہ) 1931 1933 1,300,000
[50] 		1,750,000
[51] 		&10000000000000012000000Some historians conclude that 42% of the entire قازق population died in the famine.[51] The two Soviet census show that the number of the Kazakhs in Kazakhstan dropped from 3,637,612 in 1926 to 2,181,520 in 1937.[52]
Genocide in بنگلہ دیش[N 6] by پاکستان
  مشرقی پاکستان (territories of present-day   بنگلادیش) 1971 300,000
[54] 		3,000,000
[55][56] 		&100000000000000030000002%[57] to 4%[58][59][60] Over 20% of بنگلہ دیش میں ہندومت killed[61]
(Using 1 to 3 million deaths figures)
ارمنی قتل عام Մեծ Եղեռն (Medz Yeghern, "Great Crime")[N 7]   سلطنت عثمانیہ
(territories of present-day ترکی، سوریہ and عراق) 		1915 1922 700,000
[62] 		1,800,000
[63] 		At least 50% of Armenians in Turkey killed[62]
Indonesian genocide[N 8]   انڈونیشیا 1965 1966 500,000
[74][70][71] 		3,000,000
[72][73] 		Some scholars now argue that the Indonesian massacres constitute genocide by the legal definition.[75][65][69][76][77]
روانڈیائی نسل کشی[N 9]   روانڈا 1994 500,000
[78] 		1,071,000
[79] 		&1000000000000004000000070% of Tutsi in Rwanda killed and 30% of Twa in Rwanda killed
20% of Rwanda's total population killed
یونانی نسل کشی including the Pontic genocide[N 10]   سلطنت عثمانیہ
(territories of present-day ترکی) 		1914 1922 500,000
[80] 		900,000
[81] 		At least 25% of Greeks in Anatolia (Turkey) killed
Zunghar genocide 准噶尔灭族 in the Zunghar Khanate[N 11] چنگ خاندان (Dzungaria) 1755 1758 480,000
[85] 		600,000
[85] 		&1000000000000008000000080% of 600,000 Zungharian Oirats killed
چیرکسی نسل کشی[N 12]   چیرکاسیا، قفقاز 1864 1867 400,000
[98] 		1,500,000
۔[99] 		&1000000000000004500000090% to 97% of total ادیگی قوم population perished or deported by the Russian forces.[100][101][102]
Genocide by the Ustaše including the Serbian genocide[N 13]   Independent State of Croatia (territories of present-day کرویئشا، بوسنیا و ہرزیگووینا and سریم ضلع) 1941 1945 320,000
[104][105] 		600,000
[104][105][106] 		&1000000000000001900000013% to 21% of the Serbian population within the NDH was killed.[57]
Pacification of Algeria[N 14]   فرانسیسی الجزائر

1830

1871

300,000
[115]

1,000,000
[116]

&1000000000000001500000010%[117] to 1/3[118][116] of Algeria's population died during the period
Genocide of Nestorian christians (کلیسیائے مشرق) by امیر تیمور   Timurid-controlled مشرق وسطی

1370

1405

Tens of thousands

Hundreds of thousands

Tamerlane's rule was characterized by numerous massacres, including against other Muslims, but the only community he systematically targeted for elimination was the local Christians.
Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil[N 15]   برازیل

1900

1985

235,000
[125] 		800,000
[126] 		&1000000000000008000000087 out of 230 Brazilian tribes went extinct during the period[127]
Albigensian Crusade
(Cathar genocide)[N 16] 		  لانگویڈوک، قرون وسطی میں فرانس 1209 1229 200,000
[130] 		1,000,000
[131]
Assyrian genocide ܣܝܦܐ (Seyfo, "Sword")[N 17]   سلطنت عثمانیہ

territories of present-day ترکی، سوریہ and عراق)

1915 1923 200,000
[132] 		750,000
[133] 		&10000000000000075000000
Irish genocide[N 18]   جزیرہ آئرلینڈ، انگلستان کی دولت مشترکہ 1649 1653 200,000
[137] 		618,000
[138] 		&1000000000000003000000020–40% of the population of Ireland perished during the Cromwellian conquest[137][138]
Wu Hu genocide[N 19] شمالی اور جنوبی چین 350 351 200,000
[140] 		200,000 &10000000000000025000000
Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War[N 20]   زائر 1996 1997 200,000
[143] 		232,000
[144]
حمیدیہ قتل عام[N 21]   سلطنت عثمانیہ 1894 1896 200,000
[151] 		300,000
[151]
Genocide of the Tencteri and Usipetes[N 22] Germania 55 BC 150,000
[156] 		430,000
[157] 		&10000000000000025000000
Battle of Carthage
(Punic genocide)[N 23] 		قرطاجنہ (territories of present-day تونس شہر، تونس) 146 BC 150,000
[163][158] 		150,000 Population reduced from 500,000 to 55,000. 150,000 died in the fall of Carthage.[163]
Romani genocide[N 24]   جرمن مقبوضہ یورپ 1935[168] 1945 130,000
[169] 		500,000
[170][171] 		&1000000000000002500000025% of رومینی in Europe killed
Polish Operation of the NKVD (Polish genocide)[N 25]   سوویت اتحاد 1937 1938 111,091
[181] 		250,000
[182] 		&1000000000000001300000022% of the Polish population of the USSR was "sentenced" by the operation (140,000 people)[183]
چیچن اور انگوشوں کی جلاوطنی[N 26]
(Soviet deportation of Chechens and other Vainakh populations) 		  سوویت اتحاد (شمالی قفقاز) 1944 1948 100,000
[190] 		400,000
[191] 		&1000000000000003500000023.5% to almost 50% of total چیچن قوم population killed[192]

[184][صفحہ درکار][185][186][193]

Genocide of Acholi and Lango people under عیدی امین[N 27]   یوگنڈا 1972 1978 100,000
[194] 		300,000
[194]
Darfur genocide[N 28]   دارفور، سوڈان

2003

Present

98,000
[197] 		500,000
[198]
Kurdish genocide[N 29]   Iraq 1977 1991 87,500
[حوالہ درکار] 		388,100
[حوالہ درکار] 		&10000000000000008000000
East Timor genocide[N 30]   East Timor، انڈونیشیا 1975 1999 85,320
[218] 		196,720
[219] 		&1000000000000002000000013% to 44% of مشرقی تیمور's total population killed
(See death toll of East Timor genocide)
Ikiza[N 31]   برونڈی 1972 80,000
[220][221] 		300,000
[222] 		&10000000000000005000000 As much as 10% to 15% of the Hutu population of Burundi killed[222]
Libyan genocide[N 32]   اطالوی لیبیا 1923 1932 80,000
[227] 		125,000
[234] 		25% of برقہ population killed[227]
Bambuti genocide[N 33]   شمالی کیوو، جمہوری جمہوریہ کانگو 2002 2003 60,000
[237][235] 		70,000
[237] 		&1000000000000004000000040% of the Eastern Congo's Pygmy population killed[N 34]
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia[N 35]   German-occupied Poland 1943 1945 50,000
[240] 		300,000
[241][242][243][244][245] 		4% to 20% of the pre-war (1931) Second Polish Republic's total Polish population of Voivodeships: stanisławowskie، tarnopolskie and wołyńskie[246][247] where killed.
Genocide of Isaaqs[N 36]   صومالی جمہوری جمہوریہ 1988 1991 50,000
[263][253] 		200,000
[264] 		&10000000000000004000000
'Genocidal crimes against Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks[N 37]   Independent State of Croatia (territories of present-day کرویئشا، بوسنیا و ہرزیگووینا، and Sandžak) 1941 1945 47,000
[268] 		65,000
[268]
Tamil Genocide[N 38]   Tamil Eelam، سری لنکا 1956 2009 40,000[272][273] 140,000+[274] Between 10% and 35% of the Eelam Tamil population living in the de facto state of Tamil Eelam، controlled by the تامل ٹائیگرز۔[275]
کریمیائی تاتاریوں کی جبری ملک بدری[N 39]   سوویت اتحاد (  کریمیائی خود مختار سوویت اشتراکی جمہوریہ) 1944 1948 34,000
[280] 		195,471
[281] 		&10000000000000032000000The deportation and following exile reduced the کریمیائی تاتار population by between 18%[280] and 46%۔[282]
Genocide in German South West Africa[N 40]   جرمن جنوب مغربی افریقہ 1904 1908 34,000
[283] 		110,000
[284][285] 		&1000000000000007000000060% (24,000 out of 40,000[283]) to 81.25% (65,000[286][287] out of 80,000[288]) of total Herero and 50%[283] of Nama population killed.
Guatemalan genocide[N 41]   گواتیمالا 1962 1996 32,632
[293] 		166,000
[294] 		&1000000000000004000000040% of the Maya population (24,000 people) of Guatemala's Ixil and Rabinal regions where killed[57]
Jewish genocide during the Russian White Terror[N 42] what is now یوکرین and روس 1918 1923 30,000
[296][297] 		250,000
[295] 		&10000000000000002000000
1993 Genocide of Burundian Tutsis[N 31]   برونڈی 1993 25,000
[299] 		50,000
[300]
Genocide of Jews in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by Cossack insurgents[N 43]   Zaporozhian Cossacks insurgents on territory of پولینڈ-لتھوانیا دولت مشترکہ، یوکرین and بیلاروس 1648 1657 18,000
[302] 		100,000
[303][304][305][306][307] 		&1000000000000005000000045–50% of the Jewish population of یوکرین was killed.[302]
Latvian Operation of the NKVD
(Latvian genocide)[N 44] 		  سوویت اتحاد 1937 1938 16,573
[308] 		16,573
[309]
1984ء کے سکھ مخالف فسادات & Operation Woodrose[N 45]   پنجاب، بھارت، بھارت 1984 1990 15,350
[N 46] 		29,000
[N 46]
Parsley massacre[N 47]   جمہوریہ ڈومینیکن 1937 12,168
[329] 		35,000
[329]
California Genocide[N 48]   کیلیفورنیا، ریاست ہائے متحدہ

1846

1873

9,492–16,094
[330][331][334]

120,000
[331][335]

&10000000000000080000000سرخ ہندی population in California declined by 80% during the period
Queensland Aboriginal genocide[N 49]   Queensland، آسٹریلیا

1840

1897

10,000
[340] 		65,180
[341] 		&100000000000000300000003.3% to over 50% of the aboriginal population was killed
(10,000[340] to 65,180[341] killed out of 125,600)[توضیح درکار]
Rohingya genocide[N 50]   میانمار

2017

Present

9,000–13,700
[348]

43,000
[349]

Decossackization[N 51]   سوویت اتحاد

1917

1933

&10000000000010000000000thousands–10,000+
[357]

1,000,000
[358]

&10000000000000004000000
Bosnian genocide[N 52]   بوسنیا و ہرزیگووینا 1992 1995 8,373
[363] 		31,107–39,199
[364][365] 		&10000000000000003000000More than 3% of the بوسنیائی مسلم population of بوسنیا و ہرزیگووینا perished during the بوسنیائی جنگ۔[366]
Persecution of the Igbo by the Nigerian army[N 53]   نائیجیریا 1966 1966 8,000[368] 30,000[369]
The Sook Ching[N 54]   سنگاپور and   British Malaya 1942 1942 5,000
[حوالہ درکار] 		25,000
[حوالہ درکار]
Chittagong Hill Tracts genocide[N 55]   Chittagong Hill Tracts، بنگلہ دیش 1977 1997 4,406
[379] 		13,206
[379] 		&10000000000000002000000
1804 Haiti massacre[N 56]   ہیٹی 1804 1804 3,000[382] 5,000[382]
Selk'nam genocide[N 57]   چلی، Tierra del Fuego Late 19th century Early 20th century 2,500
[383] 		3,900
[384] 		&1000000000000008400000084%
The genocide reduced their numbers from around 3,000 to about 500 people. (Now pure Selk'nam are considered extinct.)[384][385]
Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL[N 58]   داعش-controlled territory in northern عراق and سوریہ 2014 2019 2,100–4,400
[388] 		10,000
[389] 		See also: 2007 Yazidi communities bombings
Genocide of Shia muslims by ISIL، including نصیریہ and دروز   داعش-controlled territory in northern عراق and سوریہ and in افغانستان against the ہزارہ لوگ people. 2003 (as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad and successor organizations including داعش) Present (as sleeper cells) Several tens of thousands 100,000+
The Gukurahundi[N 59]   زمبابوے 1983 1987 2,000
[391] 		30,000
[392]
1572 massacres of French Huguenots[N 60]   فرانس 1572 1572 2,000
[حوالہ درکار] 		70,000
[395]
Genocide of the Moriori[N 61]   جزائر چیٹم علاقہ، نیوزی لینڈ 1835 1863 1,900
[397][398] 		1,900 &1000000000000009500000095% of the Moriori population was eradicated by the invasion from Taranaki، a group of Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama people from the Māori tribe۔[399][400] All were enslaved and many were آدم خوری۔[401] They were not permitted to mix with their race.[402] The Moriori language is now extinct.[396][403] There are no Moriori of unmixed ancestry left.[398]
Conquest of the Desert and Mapuche decline[N 62]   پیٹاگونیا، modern day ارجنٹائن

1870s

1884

1,313
[404] 		225,000
[405] 		&10000000000000090000000نقشے population reduced from 250,000 to 25,000.[405]
Genocide of Christians by ISIL   داعش-controlled territory in عراق، لیبیا and سوریہ 2003 (as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad and successor organizations including داعش Present (elsewhere in the world, as ISIL has lost all territory) 1000+ Thousands More than 2,000 native Christians killed in the territories controlled by ISIL or with sleeper cells, including the 2010 Baghdad church massacre، 2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya، the 2017 Palm Sunday church bombings، the 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings and the سری لنکا دھماکے، 2019ء، among others. See also: Boko Haram insurgency
Destruction of the Aché[N 63]   پیراگوئے 1956 Early 1970s 900
[407] 		4,000
[408] 		85% of the آچی were wiped out (Today Aché are considered extinct)۔
Black War
(Genocide of Aboriginal Tasmanians)[N 64] 		  Van Diemen's Land، آسٹریلیا Mid 1820s 1832 400
[411] 		1,000
[411]
اویغور نسل کشی
(Genocide of اویغور) 		  سنکیانگ، چین 2014 Present 386 1,500,000
Missing and murdered Indigenous women

(Widespread murders of Indigenous peoples in Canada)

  کینیڈا 1980s Present 1,200+

نگارخانہ

ترمیم
 
چیرکسی نسل کشی
چیرکسی نسل کشی 
 
مرگ انبوہ
مرگ انبوہ 
 
Holodomor کے فاقہ زدہ شکار
Holodomor کے فاقہ زدہ شکار 
 
Cambodian genocide کے مقتولین کی کھوپڑیاں
Cambodian genocide کے مقتولین کی کھوپڑیاں 
 
ارمنی قتل عام کے شکار
ارمنی قتل عام کے شکار 
 
1971 GenocideLiberation War Museum ڈھاکہ
1971 GenocideLiberation War Museum ڈھاکہ 
 
روانڈیائی نسل کشی کے ڈھانچے
روانڈیائی نسل کشی کے ڈھانچے 
 
یونانی نسل کشی کے شکار
یونانی نسل کشی کے شکار 
 
The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia کے شکار
The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia کے شکار 
 
Guatemalan genocide کے شکار
Guatemalan genocide کے شکار 
 
Bosnian genocide کی لاشیں
Bosnian genocide کی لاشیں 
 
Julius Popper carrying out Selk'nam genocide
Julius Popper carrying out Selk'nam genocide 
 
آپریشن انفال قبریں
آپریشن انفال قبریں 
 
East Timor genocideقبریں
East Timor genocideقبریں 
 
Dzungar genocideتصویریں
Dzungar genocideتصویریں 
 
Cathar genocide تصویریں
Cathar genocide تصویریں 
 
Darfur genocide کے دوران ماں اپنے بیمار بچے کے ساتھ
Darfur genocide کے دوران ماں اپنے بیمار بچے کے ساتھ 
 
2014ء میں Isaaq genocide کی قبریں / لاشیں
2014ء میں Isaaq genocide کی قبریں / لاشیں 
فائل:Ericksen Hottentotte 7 Shark Island p. 142.jpg
Herero and Namaqua genocide کے دوران میں طبی تجربات کے لیے سر
Herero and Namaqua genocide کے دوران میں طبی تجربات کے لیے سر 
 
Libyan Genocide میں ایک مرکز
Libyan Genocide میں ایک مرکز 
 
میانمار میں Rohingya genocide روہنگیا مسلمان ایک مہاجر کیمپ میں۔
میانمار میں Rohingya genocide روہنگیا مسلمان ایک مہاجر کیمپ میں۔ 

مزید دیکھیے

ترمیم

حوالہ جات

ترمیم
  1. ↑
  2. ↑ Rosenfeld، Alvin H. (2008)۔ "The Americanization of the Holocaust"۔ في Moore، Deborah D. (المحرر)۔ American Jewish Identity Politics۔ Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press۔ ISBN:978-0-472-02464-3 {{حوالہ کتاب}}: الوسيط |ref=harv غير صالح (مساعدة)
  3. ^ ا ب پ ت "Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution"۔ Holocaust Encyclopedia (بزبان انگریزی)۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 06 دسمبر 2018 
  4. ↑ Berenbaum، Michael (2006)۔ The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ط. 2nd)۔ Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum۔ ISBN:978-0-8018-8358-3
  5. ↑ Viktor N. Zemskov (2013)۔ "The Extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War" 
  6. ↑ Human losses of the Soviet Union during the second World War۔ St. Petersburg: Russian Academy of Sciences۔ 1995۔ ISBN:978-5-86789-023-0
  7. ↑
  8. ↑
  9. ↑
  10. ↑ "Foreign Affairs: Ukrainian Famine (No. 680)" (PDF)۔ Journals of the Senate۔ 114: 2652–53۔ 30 اکتوبر 2003۔ مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2004-12-29
  11. ↑ "Journals of the Senate No.72, 2nd Session, 37th Parliament" (PDF)۔ 19 جون 2003: 994–995۔ مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2020-10-09۔ اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-07-24 {{حوالہ رسالہ}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)
  12. ↑ "Columbia declares Holodomor an act of genocide"۔ Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union۔ 25 دسمبر 2007۔ 19 فروری 2009 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 26 مارچ 2008 
  13. ↑ "Aprueba resolución: Congreso se solidariza con pueblo Ucraniano" [Resolution passed: Congress is in solidarity with Ukrainian people]۔ National Congress of Ecuador (بزبان ہسپانوی)۔ 30 اکتوبر 2007۔ 2 نومبر 2007 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 31 اکتوبر 2007 
  14. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح "International Recognition of the Holodomor"۔ Holodomoreducation.org۔ 28 نومبر 2006۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 24 جولائی 2016 
  15. ↑ "Sprawozdanie – Komisji Ustawodawczej oraz Komisji Spraw Zagranicznych – o projekcie uchwały w sprawie rocznicy Wielkiego Głodu na Ukrainie" [Report of the Legislative Committee and Foreign Affairs Committee – on the project resolution concerning the anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine] (PDF)۔ Senate of the Republic of Poland (بزبان پولش)۔ 14 مارچ 2006۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 24 جولائی 2016 
  16. ↑
  17. ↑
  18. ↑
  19. ↑
  20. ↑
  21. ↑
  22. ↑ Brent Bezo؛ Stefania Maggi (2015)۔ "Living in "survival mode:" Intergenerational transmission of trauma from the Holodomor genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine"۔ Social Science & Medicine۔ ج 134: 87–94۔ DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.009۔ PMID:25931287
  23. ↑ Raphael Lemkin Papers, The New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundation, Raphael Lemkin ZL-273. Reel 3. Published in L.Y. Luciuk (ed)، Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine (Kingston: The Kashtan Press, 2008)۔ Available online آرکائیو شدہ 2012-03-02 بذریعہ وے بیک مشین
  24. ↑ Davies، Robert؛ Wheatcroft، Stephen (2004)۔ The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933۔ Palgrave Macmillan UK۔ ص xiv۔ ISBN:978-0-230-27397-9
  25. ↑ Tauger، Mark B. (2001)۔ "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933"۔ The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies ش 1506: 1–65۔ DOI:10.5195/CBP.2001.89۔ ISSN:2163-839X
  26. ↑ Ghodsee، Kristen R. (2014)۔ "A Tale of "Two Totalitarianisms": The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism" (PDF)۔ History of the Present۔ ج 4 ش 2: 115–142۔ DOI:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115۔ JSTOR:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
  27. ↑ "Genocide of Poles During World War II"۔ www.globalsecurity.org۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 06 دسمبر 2018 
  28. ↑ Man، John (2004)۔ Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection۔ New York City: St. Martin's Press۔ ص 116–117۔ ISBN:978-0-312-36624-7
  29. ↑ Franke, Herbert and Twitchett, Denis، ed. (1995)۔ The Cambridge History of China: Vol. VI: Alien Regimes & Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pg. 214.
  30. ↑ Mote 1999, pg. 256
  31. ↑ Mote، Frederick W. (1999)۔ Imperial China: 900-1800۔ Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press۔ ص 256–257۔ ISBN:0-674-01212-7
  32. ↑ Frederick W. Mote (2003)۔ Imperial China 900-1800۔ Harvard University Press۔ ص 256–7۔ ISBN:978-0-674-01212-7
  33. ↑ "Doeke Eisma"۔ Chinggis Qan and the Conquest of Eurasia: A Biography۔ ص 100
  34. ↑ Kuhn، Dieter (15 اکتوبر 2011)۔ The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China۔ ص 50۔ ISBN:978-0-674-06202-3
  35. ↑ Bowman، Rocco (2014)۔ "Bounded Empires: Ecological and Geographic Implications in Sino- Tangut Relations, 960- 1127" (PDF)۔ The Undergraduate Historical Journal at UC Merced۔ ج 2: 11
  36. ↑ McGrath، Michael C۔ Frustrated Empires: The Song-Tangut Xia War of 1038–44 (ط. 150-190.)۔ In Wyatt۔ ص 153
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  45. ↑ "Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam)"۔ www.d.dccam.org۔ 18 اگست 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 26 ستمبر 2020 
  46. ↑ "Welcome | Genocide Studies Program"۔ gsp.yale.edu 
  47. ↑
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  50. ↑ Snyder، Timothy (2012)۔ Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin۔ Hachette UK۔ ص 90۔ ISBN:978-0-465-03297-6
  51. ^ ا ب John Arch Getty, Roberta Thompson Manning، المحرر (1993)۔ Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives۔ Cambridge University Press۔ ص 265۔ ISBN:978-0-521-44670-9
  52. ↑ European Society for Central Asian Studies (2004)۔ Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, Julia Katschnig (المحرر)۔ Central Asia on Display: Proceedings of the VIIth Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies۔ LIT Verlag Münster۔ ص 236۔ ISBN:978-3-8258-8309-6
  53. ↑
  54. ↑ Mark Dummett (2011-12-16)۔ "How one newspaper report changed world history"۔ BBC News (بزبان انگریزی)۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 04 اگست 2020 
  55. ↑
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  57. ^ ا ب پ "GENOCIDES from 1915 to 2006"۔ 14 اپریل 2019 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  58. ↑ Quoting from "بنگلہ دیش Genocide Archive"۔ 08 مارچ 2010 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 31 اکتوبر 2016  :[بہتر ماخذ درکار]
  59. ↑ R.J. Rummel (جنوری 1997)۔ Death By Government۔ Routledge۔ ص 331۔ ISBN:1-56000-927-6۔ The human death toll over only 267 days was incredible. Just to give for five out of the eighteen districts some incomplete statistics published in بنگلہ دیش newspapers or by an Inquiry Committee, the Pakistani army killed 100,000 Bengalis in Dacca, 150,000 in Khulna, 75,000 in Jessore, 95,000 in Comilla, and 100,000 in Chittagong. For eighteen districts the total is 1,247,000 killed. This was an incomplete toll, and to this day no one really knows the final toll. Some estimates of the democide (i.e. Rummel's 'death by government') are much lower—one is of 300,000 dead—but most range from 1 million to 3 million. … The Pakistani army and allied paramilitary groups killed about one out of every sixty-one people in پاکستان overall; one out of every twenty-five Bengalis, Hindus, and others in East پاکستان۔ If the rate of killing for all of پاکستان is annualized over the years the Yahya martial law regime was in power (مارچ 1969 to دسمبر 1971)، then this one regime was more lethal than that of the Soviet Union, China under the communists, or Japan under the military (even through World War II)۔
  60. ↑ 1 in 25 is equal to 4% of بنگلہ دیش's total population killed
  61. ↑ Koenraad Elst۔ "Was There an Islamic "Genocide of Hindus?""۔ 2 million deaths out of 9.5 million Hindus {{حوالہ رسالہ}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)
  62. ^ ا ب Ginsborg، Paul (2014)۔ Family Politics: Domestic Life, Devastation and Survival, 1900–1950۔ Yale University Press۔ ص 100۔ ISBN:978-0-300-21105-4
  63. ↑
  64. ↑ Robert Cribb (2004)۔ Samuel Totten (المحرر)۔ The Indonesian Genocide of 1965–1966۔ Information Age Publishing۔ ص 133–143۔ ISBN:1-59311-074-X {{حوالہ کتاب}}: |work= تُجوهل (مساعدة)
  65. ^ ا ب Melvin، Jess (2017)۔ "Mechanics of Mass Murder: A Case for Understanding the Indonesian Killings as Genocide"۔ Journal of Genocide Research۔ ج 19 ش 4: 487–511۔ DOI:10.1080/14623528.2017.1393942
  66. ^ ا ب Robinson، Geoffrey B. (2018)۔ The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66۔ مطبع جامعہ پرنسٹن۔ ISBN:978-1-4008-8886-3
  67. ↑ John Roosa۔ "The 1965–66 Politicide in Indonesia: Toward Knowing Who Did What to Whom and Why"۔ Stanford۔ 14 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 26 ستمبر 2020 
  68. ↑ "The Indonesian Politicide of 1965–66: How Could it Have Happened?"۔ Maastricht University 
  69. ^ ا ب Melvin، Jess (2018)۔ The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder۔ روٹلیج۔ ص 1۔ ISBN:978-1-138-57469-4
  70. ^ ا ب Mark Aarons (2007)۔ "International Humanitarian Law"۔ في David A. Blumenthal؛ Timothy L. H. McCormack (المحررون)۔ Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide۔ Martinus Nijhoff Publishers۔ ص 80۔ ISBN:978-9004156913 {{حوالہ کتاب}}: |work= تُجوهل (مساعدة) والوسيط غير المعروف |layurl= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  71. ^ ا ب KWOK، YENNI (30 ستمبر 2015)۔ "The Memory of Savage Anticommunist Killings Still Haunts Indonesia, 50 Years On"۔ Time
  72. ^ ا ب "Indonesia's killing fields"۔ الجزیرہ۔ 2012-12-21۔ 14 فروری 2015 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 24 جنوری 2016 
  73. ^ ا ب Gellately، Robert؛ Kiernan، Ben (جولائی 2003)۔ The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective۔ کیمبرج یونیورسٹی پریس۔ ص 290–291۔ ISBN:978-0-521-52750-7۔ اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-19
  74. ↑ Robinson، Geoffrey B. (2018)۔ The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66۔ مطبع جامعہ پرنسٹن۔ ص 3۔ ISBN:978-1-4008-8886-3
  75. ↑ Robinson، Geoffrey B. (2018)۔ The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66۔ مطبع جامعہ پرنسٹن۔ ص 4۔ ISBN:978-1-4008-8886-3۔ And while there is still no consensus on the matter, some scholars have described the Indonesian violence as genocide.
  76. ↑ McGregor، Katharine؛ Melvin، Jess؛ Pohlman، Annie، المحررون (2018)۔ The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics and Legacies (Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide)۔ Palgrave Macmillan۔ ISBN:978-3-319-71454-7
  77. ↑ Yenni Kwok (20 جولائی 2016)۔ "Indonesia's Mass Killings of 1965 Were Crimes Against Humanity, International Judges Say"۔ ٹائم (رسالہ)۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 25 دسمبر 2018۔ The tribunal concludes that those acts were intended to annihilate a section of the population and could be categorized as genocide. 
  78. ↑
  79. ↑
  80. ↑ Bierstadt، Edward Hale (1924)۔ The Great Betrayal; A Survey of the Near East Problem۔ New York: RM McBride & Co.۔ ص 67۔ ISBN:0-89241-650-5
  81. ↑ Jones 2010، صفحہ 166، An estimate of the Pontian Greek death toll at all stages of the anti-Christian genocide is about 350,000; for all the Greeks of the Ottoman realm taken together, the toll surely exceeded half a million, and may approach the 900,000 killed that a team of US researchers found in the early postwar period. Most surviving Greeks were expelled to Greece as part of the tumultuous 'population exchanges' that set the seal on a heavily 'Turkified' state."[مکمل حوالہ درکار]
  82. ↑
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  84. ↑
  85. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث
  86. ↑
  87. ↑
  88. ↑
  89. ↑
  90. ↑ Niko Javakhishvili (2012-12-20)۔ "Coverage of The tragedy public Thought (later half of the 19th century)"۔ Tbilisi State University۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 01 جون 2015 
  91. ↑ Galina Yemelianova (اپریل 2014)۔ Islam nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus۔ ص 3
  92. ↑ Paul Goble (2005-07-15)۔ "Circassians demand Russian apology for 19th century genocide"۔ Radio Free Europe۔ 8 (23)۔ Radio Liberty 
  93. ↑ "Circassia: Adygs Ask European Parliament to Recognize Genocide"۔ unpo.org۔ 27 ستمبر 2007 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 16 اپریل 2018 
  94. ^ ا ب "Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century"۔ نیو یارک ٹائمز۔ مئی 21, 2011 
  95. ↑ Amber Hildebrandt (2012-08-14)۔ "Russia's Sochi Olympics awakens Circassian anger"۔ CBC News۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 15 اگست 2012 
  96. ↑ "Georgia Recognizes 'Circassian Genocide'"۔ Civil Georgia۔ 2011-05-20۔ 18 ستمبر 2012 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 18 ستمبر 2012 
  97. ↑ "Грузия признала геноцид черкесов в царской России // Сайт "Лента۔Ру""۔ lenta.ru (بزبان روسی)۔ 2011-05-20 
  98. ↑ "Russians won't admit expulsion of Circassians was genocide — but Ukrainians should"۔ Euromaiden Press۔ 2016-05-21 
  99. ↑ Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999)۔ Levine, Mark D؛ Penny Roberts (المحررون)۔ The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide۔ ص 154۔ The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, be less than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million {{حوالہ کتاب}}: |work= تُجوهل (مساعدة)
  100. ↑ "145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue"۔ Reuters۔ 22 مئی, 2009۔ جولائی 2, 2012 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ نومبر 28, 2009 
  101. ↑ Ellen Barry (20 مئی, 2011)۔ "Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century"۔ The New York Times 
  102. ↑ Richmond، Walter۔ The Circassian Genocide۔ ص 132۔ If we assume that Berzhe's middle figure of 50,000 was close to the number who survived to settle in the lowlands, then between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov's campaign, or were deported.
  103. ↑
  104. ^ ا ب
  105. ^ ا ب
  106. ↑
  107. ↑ The figurative demography of Algeria۔ Paris: Masson۔ 1880
  108. ↑ Kateb، Kamel (2001)۔ Europeans Indigenes" and Jews in Algeria (1830–1962)۔ Paris: Ined / Puf
  109. ↑ Bertrand Taithe (15 دسمبر 2010)۔ "La famine de 1866–1868 : anatomie d'une catastrophe et construction médiatique d'un événement" [The 1866–1868 Famine in Algeria: Construction and Media Coverage Of a Disaster]۔ Revue d'Histoire du Xixe Siècle. Société d'Histoire de la Révolution de 1848 et des Révolutions du Xixe Siècle ش 41: 113–127۔ DOI:10.4000/rh19.4051
  110. ↑ Angelique Chrisafis۔ "Turkey accuses France of genocide in Algeria"۔ The Guardian 
  111. ↑ "Turkey accuses France of genocide in colonial Algeria"۔ BBC News 
  112. ↑ Kiernan، Ben (2007)۔ Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur۔ ص 374۔ ISBN:978-0-300-10098-3
  113. ↑ Nicolas Journet۔ "Pour en finir avec la repentance coloniale"۔ Sciences Humaines 
  114. ↑ "To put an end to colonial repentance" 
  115. ↑ Peyroulou، Jean-Pierre؛ Abderahman، Bouchène؛ Tengour، Ouanassa Siari؛ Thenault، Sylvie (2014)۔ Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale, 1830–1962 [History of Algeria during the colonial period, from 1830 to 1962]۔ ISBN:9782707182319
  116. ^ ا ب Kiernan، Ben (2007)۔ Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur۔ ص 364–365۔ ISBN:978-0-300-10098-3
  117. ↑ Rivoire، Jean-Baptiste (8 دسمبر 2011)۔ The crime of Tibhirine: Revelations about those responsible۔ ISBN:9782707170729
  118. ↑ Colonize Exterminate. On War and the Colonial State۔ Paris, Fayard۔ 2005{{حوالہ کتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان بدون ناشر (link) See also Benjamin Claude Brower۔ A Desert named Peace. The Violence of France's Empire in the Algerian Sahara, 1844–1902۔ New York: Columbia University Press
  119. ↑ "VII"۔ Federal Constitution of Brazil۔ ج Article 231۔ مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-01-01۔ اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-09-26
  120. ^ ا ب "2008 Human Rights Report: Brazil"۔ United States Department of State: Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor۔ 25 فروری 2009۔ 26 فروری 2009 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 24 مارچ 2011 
  121. ↑ "Indigenous Lands – Introduction – About Lands"۔ Povos Indígenas no Brasil۔ Instituo Socioambiental (ISA)۔ 27 جنوری 2011 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 24 مارچ 2011 
  122. ↑ Beto Borges، Gilles Combrisson۔ "Indigenous Rights in Brazil: Stagnation to Political Impasse"۔ South and Meso American Indian Rights Center۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 24 مارچ 2011 
  123. ↑ Schwartzman، Stephan؛ Valéria Araújo، Ana؛ Pankararú، Paulo (1996)۔ "Brazil: The Legal Battle Over Indigenous Land Rights"۔ NACLA Report on the Americas۔ ج 29 ش 5: 36–43۔ DOI:10.1080/10714839.1996.11725759۔ مؤرشف من الأصل في 2010-04-20۔ اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-03-24
  124. ↑ "Brazilian Indians 'win land case'"۔ BBC News۔ 11 دسمبر 2008۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 24 مارچ 2011 
  125. ↑ Rudolph Rummel estimates the following Indian deaths:سانچہ:Where
    • Under republic (1900–30): 50,000 democides
    • Under Vargas (1930–45): 60,000
    • Under Dutra/Vargas (1945–64): 50,000
    • Under military (1964–85): 75,000
    TOTAL: 235,000
  126. ↑ Robert Hitchcock؛ Tara Twedt (1997)۔ Samuel Totten (المحرر)۔ Century of Genocide۔ ISBN:0-415-99085-8۔ Indian population of Brazil declined from 1.0M to 0.2M between 1900 and 1957, a net loss of 800,000
  127. ↑ Ribeiro، Darcy (196)۔ Janice Hopper (المحرر)۔ Indigenous Cultures and Languages in Brazil۔ 87 Indian tribes in Brazil went extinct between 1900 and 1957 (Out of an original 230) {{حوالہ کتاب}}: |work= تُجوهل (مساعدة)
  128. ↑ Lemkin، Raphael (2012)۔ Jacobs، Steven Leonard (المحرر)۔ Lemkin on Genocide۔ Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield۔ ص 71۔ ISBN:978-0-7391-4526-5
  129. ↑ Jonassohn، Kurt؛ Björnson، Karin Solveig (1998)۔ Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective۔ Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers۔ ص 50۔ ISBN:978-1-4128-2445-3
  130. ↑ Tatz، Colin Martin؛ Higgins، Winton (2016)۔ The Magnitude of Genocide۔ ABC-CLIO۔ ص 214۔ ISBN:978-1-4408-3161-4
  131. ↑ Robertson، John M. (1902)۔ A Short History of Christianity۔ London, UK: Watts & Co.۔ ص 254
  132. ↑ Travis، Hannibal (دسمبر 2006)۔ Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I۔ ج 1۔ ص 327–371 {{حوالہ کتاب}}: |work= تُجوهل (مساعدة)
  133. ↑
  134. ↑ genocidal or near-genocidal:
    • O'Leary، Brendam؛ McGarry، John (24 نومبر 1995)۔ Albert Breton (المحرر)۔ Regulating nations and ethnic communities۔ Cambridge University Press۔ ص 248۔ ISBN:978-0-521-48098-7۔ Oliver Cromwell offered the Irish Catholics a choice between genocide and forced mass population transfer. They could go 'To Hell or to Connaught!' {{حوالہ کتاب}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |booktitle= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
    • Tim Pat Coogan (5 جنوری 2002)۔ The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace۔ Palgrave Macmillan۔ ص 6۔ ISBN:978-0-312-29418-2۔ The massacres by Catholics of Protestants, which occurred in the religious wars of the 1640s, were magnified for propagandist purposes to justify Cromwell's subsequent genocide.
    • Peter Berresford Ellis (9 فروری 2007)۔ Eyewitness to Irish History۔ John Wiley & Sons۔ ISBN:978-0-470-05312-6 "It was to be the justification for Cromwell's genocidal campaign and settlement."
    • (Levene 2005) "[The Act of Settlement of Ireland]، and the parliamentary legislation which succeeded it the following year, is the nearest thing on paper in the English, and more broadly British, domestic record, to a programme of state-sanctioned and systematic ethnic cleansing of another people. The fact that it did not include 'total' genocide in its remit, or that it failed to put into practice the vast majority of its proposed expulsions, ultimately, however, says less about the lethal determination of its makers and more about the political, structural and financial weakness of the early modern English state."
  135. ↑ Daniel Chirot۔ Why Some Wars Become Genocidal and Others Don't (PDF)۔ Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington۔ مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2008-08-17
  136. ↑ Robert Carrol؛ Stephen Prickett (1997)۔ The Bible: Authorized King James Version with Apocrypha۔ Oxford University Press۔ ص 337۔ ISBN:978-0-19-283525-3
  137. ^ ا ب Mícheál Ó Siochrú (2008-09-16)۔ "Cromwell in Ireland Part 2"۔ RTÉ ONE 
  138. ^ ا ب (Kenyon اور Ohlmeyer 1998، صفحہ 278)۔ Scott Wheeler, Cromwell in Ireland.
  139. ↑ Li and Zheng 2003، صفحہ 402
  140. ↑ Li and Zheng 2003، صفحہ 402[مکمل حوالہ درکار]
  141. ↑ Report of the Mapping Exercise Documenting the Most Serious Violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law Committed Within the Territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Between مارچ 1993 and جون 2003. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2010. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/CD/DRC_MAPPING_REPORT_FINAL_EN.pdf. 
  142. ↑ Ezimet، Kisangani (2000)۔ "The Massacre of Refugees in Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping Failure and International Law"۔ The Journal of Modern African Studies۔ Cambridge University Press۔ ج 38 ش 2: 163–202۔ DOI:10.1017/S0022278X0000330X۔ JSTOR:161648
  143. ^ ا ب پ Reyntjens، Filip (2009)۔ The Great African War : Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006 (PDF)۔ New York: Cambridge University Press
  144. ↑ F. Emizet، Kisangani N. (جولائی 2000)۔ "The Massacre of Refugees in Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping Failure and International Law"۔ The Journal of Modern African Studies۔ ج 38 ش 2: 163–202۔ DOI:10.1017/S0022278X0000330X۔ JSTOR:161648
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  146. ↑ Akçam, Taner (2006) A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility p. 42, Metropolitan Books, New York آئی ایس بی این 978-0-8050-7932-6
  147. ↑ "Fifty Thousand Orphans made So by the 80,kish Massacres of Armenians"، نیو یارک ٹائمز، دسمبر 18, 1896، The number of Armenian children under twelve years of age made orphans by the massacres of 1895 is estimated by the missionaries at 50.000  ۔
  148. ↑ Akçam 2006، صفحہ 44
  149. ↑ Michael Angold (2006)، مدیر: Anthony O'Mahony، Cambridge History of Christianity، 5. Eastern Christianity، Cambridge University Press، صفحہ: 512، ISBN 978-0-521-81113-2 ۔
  150. ↑ Cleveland، William L. (2000)۔ A History of the Modern Middle East (ط. 2nd)۔ Boulder, CO: Westview۔ ص 119۔ ISBN:0-8133-3489-6
  151. ^ ا ب
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  153. ↑ Peck (1898)، Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities 
  154. ↑ جولیس سیزر، Commentarii de Bello Gallico 4.1-15
  155. ↑ Lee, K.H. "Caesar's Encounter with the Usipetes and the Tencteri." Greece & Rome 2nd vol. 2 (1969): 100-103.
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  157. ^ ا ب Kiernan، Ben (2007)۔ Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur۔ Yale University Press۔ ISBN:978-0-300-10098-3
  158. ^ ا ب Kiernan, Ben (1 Aug 2004). "The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC". Diogenes (بانگریزی). 51 (3): 27–39. DOI:10.1177/0392192104043648. ISSN:0392-1921.تصنيف:اسلوب حوالہ: غیر آرکائیو شدہ روابط پر مشتمل حوالےتصنيف:انگریزی (en) زبان پر مشتمل حوالہ جات
  159. ↑ Leavesley, Jordana. "Melos and Carthage: Genocide in the Ancient World" (بانگریزی). {{حوالہ رسالہ}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (help)تصنيف:أخطاء الاستشهاد: دورية مفقودةتصنيف:اسلوب حوالہ: غیر آرکائیو شدہ روابط پر مشتمل حوالےتصنيف:انگریزی (en) زبان پر مشتمل حوالہ جات
  160. ↑ Rubinstein، William D. (10 جولائی 2014)۔ Genocide۔ Routledge۔ ISBN:978-1-317-86996-2
  161. ↑ Mann، Michael (2005)۔ The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing۔ Cambridge University Press۔ ISBN:978-0-521-53854-1
  162. ↑ Carthage: The Roman Holocaust (TV Movie 2004)، اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 13 اگست 2017 
  163. ^ ا ب "Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era"۔ necrometrics.com۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 13 اگست 2017 
  164. ↑
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  169. ↑ Niewyk، Donald L.؛ Nicosia، Francis R. (2000)۔ The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust۔ Columbia University Press۔ ص 47۔ ISBN:978-0-231-50590-1۔ اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-07-05
  170. ↑
  171. ↑
  172. ↑ Ellman، Michael (جون 2007)۔ "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited"۔ Europe-Asia Studies۔ ج 59 ش 4: 663–693۔ DOI:10.1080/09668130701291899۔ JSTOR:20451381 {{حوالہ رسالہ}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |layurl= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  173. ↑ Sebag Montefiore، Simon (2003)۔ Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar۔ New York: Vintage Books۔ ص 229۔ ISBN:1-4000-7678-1
  174. ↑ Prof. Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (15 جنوری 2011)۔ "Nieopłakane ludobójstwo (Genocide Not Mourned)"۔ Rzeczpospolita۔ مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-10-04۔ اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-04-28 {{حوالہ رسالہ}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)
  175. ↑ Franciszek Tyszka۔ "Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków z lat 1937–38 to zbrodnia większa niż Katyń (Genocide of Poles in the years 1937–38, a Crime Greater than Katyn)"۔ Super Express۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ اپریل 28, 2011 
  176. ↑ "Rozstrzelać Polaków. Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim (To Execute the Poles. Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union)"۔ Historyton۔ اکتوبر 3, 2011 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ اپریل 28, 2011 
  177. ↑ Andrzej Macura, Polska Agencja Prasowa (2010-06-24)۔ "Publikacja na temat eksterminacji Polaków w ZSRR w latach 30 (Publication on the Subject of Extermination of Poles in the Soviet Union during the 1930s)"۔ Portal Wiara.pl۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ اپریل 28, 2011 
  178. ↑ Prof Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski (22 مارچ 2011)۔ "Rozkaz N.K.W.D.: No. 00485 z dnia 11-VIII-1937, a Polacy"۔ Polish Club Online۔ 18 اگست 2020 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ اپریل 28, 2011۔ See also, Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim (Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union)، article published by The Polish Review vol. LV, No. 4, 2010. 
  179. ↑ "Sommer, Tomasz. Book description (Opis)" [Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union]۔ Rozstrzelać Polaków. Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim w latach 1937–1938. Dokumenty z Centrali (بزبان پولش)۔ Księgarnia Prawnicza, لوبلین۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 28 اپریل 2011 
  180. ↑ "Konferencja "Rozstrzelać Polaków – Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim"" [Conference on Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union, Warsaw] (بزبان پولش)۔ Instytut Globalizacji oraz Press Club Polska in cooperation with Memorial Society۔ 03 مارچ 2016 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 28 اپریل 2011 
  181. ↑ Goldman، Wendy Z. (2011)۔ Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia۔ New York: Cambridge University Press۔ ص 217۔ ISBN:978-0-521-19196-8
  182. ↑ Joshua Rubenstein۔ "The Devils' Playground"۔ نیو یارک ٹائمز۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 26 اپریل 2011۔ Rubenstein is the Northeast regional director of Amnesty International USA and a co-editor of The Unknown Black Book: The Holocaust in the German-Occupied Soviet Territories. 
    Almost all victims of the NKVD shootings were men, wrote Michał Jasiński, most with families. Their wives and children were dealt with by the NKVD Order No. 00486۔ The women were generally sentenced to deportation to Kazakhstan for an average of 5 to 10 years. Orphaned children without relatives willing to take them were put in orphanages to be brought up as Soviet, with no knowledge of their origins. All possessions of the accused were confiscated. The parents of the executed men – as well as their in-laws – were left with nothing to live on, which usually sealed their fate as well. Statistical extrapolation, wrote Jasiński, increases the number of Polish victims in 1937–1938 to around 200–250,000 depending on size of their families.
  183. ↑ Michael Ellman, Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited آرکائیو شدہ (Date missing) بذریعہ paulbogdanor.com (Error: unknown archive URL) پی ڈی ایف file page 686
  184. ^ ا ب Nekrich, Aleksandr (1978)۔ The Punished Peoples
  185. ^ ا ب Dunlop۔ Russia Confronts Chechnya۔ ص 62–70
  186. ^ ا ب Moshe Gammer (2006)۔ Lone Wolf and the Bear۔ University of Pittsburgh Press۔ ص 166–171۔ ISBN:0-8229-5898-8
  187. ^ ا ب R. J. Rummel (1990)۔ Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917۔ Transaction Publishers۔ ISBN:1-56000-887-3۔ اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-03-01
  188. ↑ "UNPO: Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944"۔ unpo.org 
  189. ↑ "Press-Release: فروری 23, World Chechnya Day"۔ Save Chechnya Campaign۔ 27 فروری 2013 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 27 فروری 2013 
  190. ↑ Wong, Tom K. (2015)۔ Rights, Deportation, and Detention in the Age of Immigration Control. Stanford University Press. p. 68. آئی ایس بی این 9780804794572۔ LCCN 2014038930. page 68
  191. ↑ Kazbek Chanturiya (23 فروری 2017)۔ "After 73 years, the memory of Stalin's deportation of Chechens and Ingush still haunts the survivors"۔ OC Media۔ 27 نومبر 2019 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 27 نومبر 2019 
  192. ↑ Wood، Tony۔ Chechnya: the Case for Independence۔ ص 37–38
  193. ↑ "Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates"۔ hawaii.edu۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 29 مئی 2019 
  194. ^ ا ب پ ت https://combatgenocide.org/?page_id=91
  195. ↑ Williams 2012، صفحہ 192
  196. ↑ Elhag 2014، صفحہ 210
  197. ↑ Guha-Sapir، Debarati؛ Degomme، Olivier (2005)۔ "Darfur: counting the deaths (2)۔ What are the trends?"۔ Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
  198. ↑ Reeves، Eric (28 اپریل 2006)۔ "Quantifying Genocide in Darfur" {{حوالہ رسالہ}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)
  199. ↑ "Is Swedish neutrality over?"۔ Pravda۔ 11 دسمبر 2012۔ 18 دسمبر 2019 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 24 اپریل 2019 
  200. ↑ "Historic Debate Secures Parliamentary Recognition of the Kurdish Genocide"۔ Huffingtonpost.co.uk۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 31 اگست 2013 
  201. ↑ "South Korea recognizes Kurdish genocide"۔ 13 جون 2013۔ 26 اپریل 2015 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 26 اپریل 2015 
  202. ↑ "Genocide Against the Kurds in Iraq: Iraq and International Recognition Over Time"۔ uk.gov.krd۔ 20 اکتوبر 2020 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 23 مئی 2017 
  203. ^ ا ب Rudolph J. Rummel۔ "Chapter 14 The Horde of Centi-kilo Murderers Estimates, Calculations, and Sources"۔ Statistics of Democide۔ Rows 1313, 1314 
  204. ^ ا ب Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates.
    https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF row 1313 and 1314
    1,000,000 and 10,000 to 2,000,000 and 100,000 Kurds were displaced and killed respectively between 1963 and 1987; 250,000 of them in 1977 and 1978. If deaths are proportional to the displacement then 2,500 to 12,500 Kurds would have died during this period depending on the scale of overall displacement and deaths used.
  205. ↑ Chestnut Greitens، Sheena (16 اگست 2016)۔ Dictators and their Secret Police: Coercive Institutions and State Violence۔ ص 289۔ ISBN:978-1-316-71256-6
  206. ↑ Jaffar Al-Faylee، Zaki (2010)۔ Tareekh Al-Kurd Al-Faylyoon۔ Beirut۔ ص 485, 499–501{{حوالہ کتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان بدون ناشر (link)
  207. ↑ Al-Hakeem، Dr. Sahib (2003)۔ Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped killed and tortured in Iraq, the country of mass graves۔ ص 489–492
  208. ↑ "The Tragedy of the Missing Barzanis"۔ Kurdistan Memory Programme۔ 19 نومبر 2019 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  209. ↑ Dave Jones۔ "The Crimes of Saddam Hussein
    1983 The Missing Barzanis"    ۔ Frontline World۔ PBS     
  210. ^ ا ب GENOCIDE IN IRAQ Human Rights Watch, 1993
  211. ↑ "The Crimes of Saddam Hussein – 1988 The Anfal Campaign"۔ PBS Frontline۔ جنوری 24, 2006۔ فروری 6, 2006 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ نومبر 15, 2019 
  212. ↑ Micah Zenko۔ "Remembering the Iraqi Uprising Twenty-Five Years Ago"۔ Council on Foreign Relations 
  213. ^ ا ب 1,000 deaths per day in اپریل, May and جون along Turkish border a - "Iraqi Deaths from the Gulf War as of اپریل 1992," Greenpeace, Washington, D.C. See also "Aftermath of War: The Persian Gulf War Refugee Crisis," Staff Report to the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs, مئی 20, 1991. The figure of nearly 1,000 deaths per day is also given in "Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein," Staff Report to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, نومبر 1991, p.14. "hundreds" (100 to 900?) died per day along Iranian border b - Kurdish Refugees Straggle Into Iran, Followed By Tragedy، Associated Press, Apr 13, 1991 1,100 to 1,900 (a + b) deaths per day from at least اپریل 13th (b) up to between مئی 1st and مئی 31st (a ); which suggests 44 to 74 days: 1,100(44)= 48,400 1,900(74)= 140,600 Routine calculations Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates.
  214. ↑ Simon Payaslian۔ "20th Century Genocides"۔ Oxford bibliographies 
  215. ↑ "Genocide Studies Program: East Timor"۔ Yale.edu 
  216. ↑ "Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report Chega!" (PDF) 
  217. ↑ "Chega! The CAVR Report"۔ 13 مئی, 2012 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  218. ↑ Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/− 12,000)۔ Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/− 1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/− 11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.
    *This estimates comes from taking the minimum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the minimum starved.
    "Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report" (PDF) 
    "The CAVR Report"۔ 13 مئی 2012 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  219. ↑ Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/− 12,000)۔ Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/− 1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/− 11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings:*This estimates comes from taking the maximum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the maximum starved.
    "Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report"۔ cavr-timorleste.org۔ مئی 13, 2012 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ اپریل 16, 2018 
  220. ↑
  221. ↑
  222. ^ ا ب Krueger, Robert; Krueger, Kathleen Tobin (2007)۔ From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi : Our Embassy Years During Genocide (PDF)۔ University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71486-1. (PDF)۔ ص 29
  223. ^ ا ب Cardoza، Anthony L. (2006)۔ Benito Mussolini: the first fascist۔ Pearson Longman۔ ص 109 {{حوالہ کتاب}}: الوسيط |ref=harv غير صالح (مساعدة)
  224. ^ ا ب Mann، Michael (2006)۔ The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing۔ Cambridge University Press۔ ص 309۔ ISBN:978-0-521-53854-1
  225. ↑ Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (23 Mar 2011). Making of Modern Libya, The: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, Second Edition (بانگریزی). SUNY Press. p. 146. ISBN:978-1-4384-2893-2.تصنيف:اسلوب حوالہ: غیر آرکائیو شدہ روابط پر مشتمل حوالےتصنيف:انگریزی (en) زبان پر مشتمل حوالہ جات
  226. ↑ Totten، Samuel؛ Bartrop، Paul Robert (2008)۔ Dictionary of Genocide: A-L۔ ABC-CLIO۔ ص 259۔ ISBN:978-0-313-34642-2
  227. ^ ا ب پ ت Duggan، Christopher (2007)۔ The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796۔ New York: Houghton Mifflin۔ ص 497 {{حوالہ کتاب}}: الوسيط |ref=harv غير صالح (مساعدة)
  228. ↑ Cooper، Tom؛ Grandolini، Albert (19 جنوری 2015)۔ Libyan Air Wars: Part 1: 1973–1985۔ Helion and Company۔ ص 5۔ ISBN:978-1-910777-51-0
  229. ↑ Nina Consuelo Epton (1953)۔ Oasis Kingdom: The Libyan Story۔ New York: Roy Publishers۔ ص 126
  230. ↑ Stewart، C.C. (1986)۔ "Islam" (PDF)۔ The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 7: c. 1905 – c. 1940۔ Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press۔ ص 196
  231. ↑ "Detailed description of some fights" (بزبان الإيطالية)۔ Regioesercito۔ 20 مئی 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 26 ستمبر 2020 
  232. ↑ Bloxham، Donald؛ Moses، A. Dirk (2010)۔ The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies۔ Oxford, انگلینڈ: Oxford University Press۔ ص 358 {{حوالہ کتاب}}: الوسيط |ref=harv غير صالح (مساعدة)
  233. ↑ Oxford Business Group (2008)۔ The Report: Libya 2008۔ ص 17 {{حوالہ کتاب}}: |author= باسم عام (مساعدة)
  234. ↑ Wright، John (1982)۔ A History of Modern Libya
  235. ^ ا ب Anne Penketh (2004-07-07)۔ "Extermination of the pygmies"۔ The Independent۔ 21 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 21 دسمبر 2018 
  236. ↑ Penketh 2004
  237. ^ ا ب پ "Between اکتوبر 2002 and جنوری 2003, two the rebel groups, the MLC and RCD-N in the East of the Congo launched a premeditated, systematic genocide against the local tribes and Pygmies nicknamed operation "Effacer le Tableau" ("erase the board")۔ During their offensive against the civilian population of the Ituri region, the rebel groups left more than 60,000 dead and over 100,000 displaced. The rebels even engaged in slavery and cannibalism. Human Rights Reports state that this was due to the fact that rebel groups, often far away from their bases of supply and desperate for food, enslaved the Pygmies on captured farms to grow provisions for their militias or when times get really tough simply slaughter them like animals and devour their flesh which some believe gives them magical powers. 11. Fatality Level of Dispute (military and civilian fatalities): 70,000 estimated" see: Raja Seshadri (7 نومبر 2005)۔ "Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict"۔ Case Study 163۔ The Inventory of Conflict & Environment, American University۔ 4 مارچ 2016 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 21 جولائی 2012 
  238. ↑ "Senate recognizes Volhynia massacre to be genocide"۔ 28 مارچ 2019 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 26 ستمبر 2020 
  239. ↑ "Polish MPs adopt resolution calling 1940s massacre genocide"۔ Radio Poland۔ 19 نومبر 2020 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 26 ستمبر 2020 
  240. ↑ Paul Robert Magocsi (1996)۔ A History of Ukraine۔ ص 681۔ ISBN:0-8020-7820-6
  241. ↑ Mikolaj Terles (1993)۔ Ethnic cleansing of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, 1942–1946 (ZZWRP)۔ ص 61۔ ISBN:0-9698020-0-5
  242. ↑ Czesław Partacz [بپولش]. Prawda historyczna na prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych. Przykład ludobójstwa na Kresach Południowo-Wschodniej Polski w latach 1939–1946 [Historical truth is political truth in scientific research. An example of the genocide of South Eastern Poland in 1939–1946] (بپولش).تصنيف:پولش (pl) زبان پر مشتمل حوالہ جات
  243. ↑ Lucyna Kulińska (2009). Dzieci Kresów III (بپولش). Kraków. p. 467.{{حوالہ کتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان بدون ناشر (link)تصنيف:صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان بدون ناشرتصنيف:پولش (pl) زبان پر مشتمل حوالہ جات
  244. ↑ Józef Turowski؛ Władysław Siemaszko (1990)۔ Zbrodnie nacjonalistów ukraińskich dokonane na ludności polskiej na Wołyniu 1939–1945۔ Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce – Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Środowisko Żołnierzy 27 Wołyńskiej Dywizji Armii Krajowej w Warszawie
  245. ↑ Władysław Siemaszko; Ewa Siemaszko (2000). Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistoẃ ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia, 1939–1945 [Genocide by Ukrainian nationalists against the Polish population of Volhynia, 1939–1945] (بپولش). Vol. 2. p. 1056. ISBN:83-87689-34-3.تصنيف:پولش (pl) زبان پر مشتمل حوالہ جات
  246. ↑ Grzegorz Hryciuk; Wyd. Adam Marszałek (2005). Przemiany narodowościowe i ludnościowe w Galicji Wschodniej i na Wołyniu w latach 1931–1948 (بپولش). Toruń. p. 139. ISBN:83-7441-121-X.تصنيف:پولش (pl) زبان پر مشتمل حوالہ جات
  247. ↑ Robert Potocki (2003)۔ Polityka państwa polskiego wobec zagadnienia ukraińskiego w latach 1930–1939 [The policy of the Polish state towards the Ukrainian issue in 1930–1939]۔ ص 47–50۔ ISBN:83-917615-4-1
  248. ↑ Ingiriis، Mohamed Haji (2 جولائی 2016)۔ ""We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us": The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia"۔ African Security۔ ج 9 ش 3: 237–58۔ DOI:10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475۔ ISSN:1939-2206
  249. ↑ Mullin، Chris (1 اکتوبر 2010)۔ A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin۔ Profile Books۔ ISBN:978-1-84765-186-0
  250. ^ ا ب پ Mburu، Chris؛ Rights، United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human؛ Office، United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country (1 جنوری 2002)۔ Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia)
  251. ↑ Peifer، Douglas C. (1 مئی 2009)۔ Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention۔ DIANE Publishing۔ ISBN:978-1-4379-1281-4
  252. ↑ Straus، Scott (24 مارچ 2015)۔ Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa۔ Cornell University Press۔ ISBN:978-0-8014-5567-4
  253. ^ ا ب Jones، Adam (22 جنوری 2017)۔ Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity۔ Zed Books۔ ISBN:978-1-84277-191-4
  254. ↑ "Investigating genocide in Somaliland"۔ Al Jazeera۔ فروری 2014۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 16 اپریل 2018 
  255. ↑ Somaliland: Time for African Union Leadership (PDF)۔ International Crisis Group۔ 2006۔ ص 5۔ مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2017-02-02۔ اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-09-26
  256. ↑ Tekle، Amare (1 جنوری 1994)۔ Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation۔ The Red Sea Press۔ ISBN:978-0-932415-97-4
  257. ↑ "Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics" (PDF): 10 {{حوالہ رسالہ}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)
  258. ↑ Press، Robert M. (1 جنوری 1999)۔ The New Africa: Dispatches from a Changing Continent۔ University Press of Florida۔ ISBN:978-0-8130-1704-4
  259. ↑ Lindley, Anna (15 Jan 2013). The Early Morning Phonecall: Somali Refugees' Remittances (بانگریزی). Berghahn Books. ISBN:978-1-78238-328-4.تصنيف:اسلوب حوالہ: غیر آرکائیو شدہ روابط پر مشتمل حوالےتصنيف:انگریزی (en) زبان پر مشتمل حوالہ جات
  260. ↑ Gajraj، Priya (2005)۔ Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics (PDF)۔ World Bank۔ ص 10
  261. ↑ Law، Ian (1 جنوری 2010)۔ Racism and Ethnicity: Global Debates, Dilemmas, Directions۔ Longman۔ ISBN:978-1-4058-5912-7
  262. ↑ "Africa Watch"۔ Volume 5: 4۔ 1993
  263. ↑ Straus, Scott (24 Mar 2015). Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa (بانگریزی). Cornell University Press. ISBN:978-0-8014-5567-4.تصنيف:اسلوب حوالہ: غیر آرکائیو شدہ روابط پر مشتمل حوالےتصنيف:انگریزی (en) زبان پر مشتمل حوالہ جات
  264. ↑ "Investigating genocide in Somaliland"۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ اپریل 16, 2018 
  265. ↑ Tomasevich 1975، صفحہ 170
  266. ↑ Lerner 1994، صفحہ 105
  267. ↑ Mulaj 2008، صفحہ 42
  268. ^ ا ب پ Vladimir Geiger (2012)۔ "Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators"۔ Revue für Kroatische Geschichte = Revue d'Histoire Croate۔ ج VIII ش 1: 77–121
  269. ↑ Samuel Totten؛ William S. Parsons (1997)۔ Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts۔ Routledge۔ ص 430۔ ISBN:978-0-203-89043-1۔ اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-01-11
  270. ↑ Geiger 2012، صفحہ 103, 117
  271. ↑ Redžić، Enver (2005)۔ Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War۔ New York: Tylor and Francis۔ ص 84۔ ISBN:978-0-7146-5625-0
  272. ↑ "Sri Lanka's dead and missing: the need for an accounting"۔ Crisis Group (بزبان انگریزی)۔ 2012-02-27۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 09 جون 2020 
  273. ↑ Petrie, Charles (2012). "Report of the Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka". United Nations Digital Library System (بانگریزی).تصنيف:اسلوب حوالہ: غیر آرکائیو شدہ روابط پر مشتمل حوالےتصنيف:انگریزی (en) زبان پر مشتمل حوالہ جات
  274. ↑ "Sri Lanka's dead and missing: the need for an accounting"۔ Crisis Group (بزبان انگریزی)۔ 2012-02-27۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 09 جون 2020 
  275. ↑ "Emerging Voices: Sri Lanka's Tamils Need Genocide Recognition and Innovative Justice Mechanisms"۔ Opinio Juris (بزبان انگریزی)۔ 2019-08-15۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 09 جون 2020 
  276. ↑ Legters 1992، صفحہ 104
  277. ↑ Fisher 2014، صفحہ 150
  278. ↑ Allworth 1998، صفحہ 216
  279. ↑ Timothy Snyder (2010-10-05)۔ "The fatal fact of the Nazi-Soviet pact"۔ the Guardian۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 06 اگست 2018 
  280. ^ ا ب Buckley, Cynthia J.؛ Ruble, Blair A.؛ Hofmann, Erin Trouth (2008)۔ Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia۔ Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press۔ ص 207۔ ISBN:978-0-8018-9075-8
  281. ↑ Allworth، Edward (1998)۔ The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland: Studies and Documents۔ Durham: Duke University Press۔ ص 6۔ ISBN:978-0-8223-1994-8۔ LCCN:97019110۔ OCLC:610947243
  282. ↑ 34 page۔ ""Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations" (PDF)۔ Human Rights Watch 1991 
  283. ^ ا ب پ
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  286. ↑ "Germany admits Namibia genocide"۔ BBC۔ اگست 14, 2004۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 20 فروری 2016 
  287. ↑ "German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia"۔ The Guardian۔ اگست 16, 2004۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 20 فروری 2016 
  288. ↑ "UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985"۔ Prevent Genocide International۔ paragraphs 14 to 24, pages 5 to 10 
  289. ↑
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  291. ↑ CEH 1999، صفحہ 20
  292. ↑ CEH 1999، صفحہ 23
  293. ↑
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  295. ^ ا ب "UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985, paragraphs 14 to 24 pages 5 to 10»۔"۔ preventgenocideinternational۔ 13 جون 2019 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  296. ^ ا ب "History and Culture of Jews in Ukraine ("«Нариси з історії та культури євреїв України»)«Дух і літера» publ.، Kyiv, 2008, с۔ 128 – 135
  297. ^ ا ب D. Vital. Zionism: the crucial phase۔ Oxford University Press. 1987. p. 359
  298. ↑ R. Pipes. A Concise History of the Russian Revolution۔ Vintage Books. 1996. p. 262.
  299. ↑ Totten، Samuel؛ Parsons، William S.؛ Charny، Israel W. (2004)۔ Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts۔ Psychology Press۔ ص 331۔ ISBN:978-0-415-94430-4
  300. ↑
  301. ↑ Samuel Totten (2004)۔ Teaching About Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources۔ Information Age Publishing۔ ص 25۔ ISBN:1-59311-074-X۔ A series of massacres perpetrated by the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki saw the death of up to 100,000 Jews and the destruction of perhaps 700 communities between 1648 and 1654 … ۔
  302. ^ ا ب Stampfer، Shaul (2003)۔ "What Actually Happened to the Jews of Ukraine in 1648?"۔ Jewish History۔ ج 17 ش 2: 165–178۔ DOI:10.1023/A:1022308423637
  303. ↑ Edward H. Flannery (2004)۔ The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism۔ Paulist Press۔ ص 158۔ ISBN:0-8091-4324-0۔ footnote 33, p. 327
  304. ↑ Max I. Dimont (2004)۔ Jews, God, and History۔ Signet Classic۔ ص 247۔ ISBN:0-451-52940-5
  305. ↑ Martin Gilbert (1976)۔ Jewish History Atlas۔ London۔ ص 530۔ ISBN:3-11-013715-1۔ cited in Herbert Arthur Strauss. Hostages of modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism 1870–1933/39، Walter de Gruyter, 1993, p. 1013{{حوالہ کتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان بدون ناشر (link)
  306. ↑ Other 1960s–1980s estimates of Jews killed:
    • Hannah Vogt (1967)۔ "The Jews: A Chronicle for Christian Conscience"۔ Association Press۔ صفحہ: 72۔ In 1648, under the leadership of Chmielnicki, they ravaged the land with fire and sword. Their hatred of the Jews was boundless and they rarely attempted to persuade the unfortunate to convert. These persecutions were characterized by hitherto-unknown atrocities. Children were torn apart or thrown into the fire before the eyes of their mothers, women were burned alive, men were skinned and mutilated. People must have thought hell had let loose all the tormenting monsters that medieval painters had portrayed dragging the condemned to eternal punishment. The roads were choked with thousands of refugees trying to escape the murderous hordes. The famous rabbis of the Talmud schools died by the hundreds as martyrs for their faith. The total number of the dead was estimated at about one hundred thousand. 
    • Richard L. Rubenstein (1974)۔ Power Struggle: An Autobiographical Confession۔ Scribner۔ ص 95۔ In their revolt, the Ukrainians slaughtered over one hundred thousand Jews.
    • Chaim Bermant (1978)۔ The Jews۔ Redwood Burn۔ ص 12۔ ISBN:0-297-77419-0۔ Thus, when in 1648, the Ukrainians under Chmielnicki rose against Polish dominion the Jews were to bear the main brunt of their fury. Within eighteen months over three hundred Jewish townships were destroyed and over one hundred thousand Jews—about a fifth of Polish Jewry—perished. It was the greatest calamity the Jews were to experience until the rise of Hitler.
    • David Bamberger (1978)۔ My People: Abba Eban's History of the Jews۔ Behrman House۔ ص 184–185۔ ISBN:0-87441-263-3۔ Under the leadership of the barbaric Bogdan Chmielnitski, they exploded in a revolt of terrible violence in which their anger at their Polish lords also turned against Jewish 'infidels,' some of whom had been used by the Poles as tax collectors.۔. In the ten years between 1648 and 1658 no fewer than 100,000 Jews were killed
    • Gertrude Hirschler (1988)۔ Ashkenaz: The German Jewish Heritage۔ ص 64۔ … set off bloody massacres, led by Bogdan Chmielnicki (1593–1657)، in which nearly 300,000 Eastern European Jews were killed or uprooted {{حوالہ کتاب}}: |work= تُجوهل (مساعدة)
  307. ↑ Sources estimating 100,000 Jews killed:
    • "Judaism Timeline 1618–1770"۔ CBS News۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 13 مئی 2007۔ Bogdan Chmelnitzki leads Cossack uprising against Polish rule; 100,000 Jews are killed and hundreds of Jewish communities are destroyed. 
    • Oscar Reiss (2004)۔ The Jews in Colonial America۔ McFarland & Company۔ ص 98–99۔ ISBN:0-7864-1730-7۔ The peasants of Ukraine rose up in 1648 under a petty aristocrat Bogdan Chmielnicki. … It is estimated that 100,000 Jews were massacred and 300 of their communities destroyed
    • Manus I. Midlarsky (2005)۔ The Killing Trap: genocide in the twentieth century۔ Cambridge University Press۔ ص 352۔ ISBN:0-521-81545-2۔ Moreover, Poles must have been keenly aware of the massacre of Jews in 1768 and even more so as the result of the much more widespread massacres (approximately 100,000 dead) of the earlier Chmielnicki pogroms during the preceding century
    • Martin Gilbert (1999)۔ Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past۔ Columbia University Press۔ ص 219۔ ISBN:0-231-10965-2۔ … as many as 100,000 Jews were murdered throughout the Ukraine by Bogdan Chmielnicki's Cossack soldiers on the rampage
    • Samuel Totten (2004)۔ Teaching About Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources۔ Information Age Publishing۔ ص 25۔ ISBN:1-59311-074-X۔ A series of massacres perpetrated by the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki saw the death of up to 100,000 Jews and the destruction of perhaps 700 communities between 1648 and 1654 …
    • Cara Camcastle (2005)۔ The More Moderate Side of Joseph De Maistre: Views on Political Liberty And Political Economy۔ McGill-Queen's Press۔ ص 26۔ ISBN:0-7735-2976-4۔ In response to Poland having taken control of much of the Ukraine in the early seventeenth century, Ukrainian peasants mobilized as groups of cavalry, and these "cossacks" in the Chmielnicki uprising of 1648 killed an estimated 100,000 Jews
    • Colin Martin Tatz (2003)۔ With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide۔ Verso۔ ص 146۔ ISBN:1-85984-550-9۔ Is there not a difference in nature between Hitler's extermination of three million Polish Jews between 1939 and 1945 because he wanted every Jew dead and the mass murder 1648–49 of 100,000 Polish Jews by General Bogdan Chmielnicki because he wanted to end Polish rule in the Ukraine and was prepared to use Cossack terrorism to kill Jews in the process?
    • Mosheh Weiss (2004)۔ A Brief History of the Jewish People۔ Rowman & Littlefield۔ ص 193۔ ISBN:0-7425-4402-8۔ … massacring an estimated one hundred thousand Jews as the Ukrainian Bogdan Chmielnicki had done nearly three centuries earlier.
  308. ↑ Werth, Nicolas (20 مئی 2010)۔ "The NKVD Mass Secret National Operations (اگست 1937 – نومبر 1938)" (PDF)۔ Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence۔ MassViolence.org۔ صفحہ: 4 of 10۔ ISSN 1961-9898۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 11 دسمبر 2017  [مردہ ربط]
  309. ↑ Werth, Nicolas (2010-05-20)۔ "The NKVD Mass Secret National Operations (اگست 1937 – نومبر 1938)" (PDF)۔ Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence۔ MassViolence.org۔ صفحہ: 4 of 10۔ ISSN 1961-9898۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 11 دسمبر 2017 [مردہ ربط]
  310. ↑ K. Singh: "Congress (I) is the Most Communal Party"، Publik Asia, 16 نومبر 1989.
  311. ↑ Yudhvir Rana (16 جولائی 2010)۔ "Sikh clergy: 1984 riots 'genocide'"۔ The Times of بھارت۔ 11 اگست 2011 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 4 نومبر 2010 
  312. ↑ "AAP govt to pay Rs 120cr to kin of 1984 riot victims" 
  313. ↑ PTI (22 اپریل 2015)۔ "California assembly describes 1984 riots as 'genocide'"۔ The Times of بھارت۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 10 مارچ 2019 
  314. ↑ "Bill Text"۔ ca.gov 
  315. ↑ "Canadians have a right to be 'concerned' about 1984 Sikh massacre, Harjit Sajjan says" 
  316. ↑ "Ontario's resolution on '84 riots 'unreal'، says Jaitley" 
  317. ↑ "An Act Designating Various Days and Weeks" 
  318. ↑ "1984 riots were 'Sikh genocide': Akal Takht – Hindustan Times"۔ Hindustan Times۔ 14 جولائی 2010۔ 17 جولائی 2010 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 17 جولائی 2010 
  319. ^ ا ب پ Deol، Harnik (2000)۔ Religion and nationalism in بھارت: the case of the Punjab۔ Psychology Press۔ ص 108–109۔ ISBN:978-0-415-20108-7۔ اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-07-22
  320. ↑ Jaijee, Inderjit Singh, 1931- (1999)۔ Politics of genocide : Punjab, 1984–1998۔ Ajanta Publications۔ OCLC:606518497{{حوالہ کتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء عددية: قائمة المؤلفين (link) صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
  321. ↑ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar۔ "What Delhi HC Order On 1984 Anti-Sikh Pogrom Says About 2002 Gujarat Riots"۔ The Wire 
  322. ↑ Joseph, Paul (11 اکتوبر 2016)۔ The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives. SAGE. p. 433. ISBN 978-1-4833-5988-5.
  323. ↑ Punjab militancy: There have been 12,000 deaths۔ One بھارت۔
  324. ↑ Cambeira، Alan (1997)۔ Quisqueya la bella (ط. 1996)۔ M.E. Sharpe۔ ص 182۔ ISBN:1-56324-936-7
    anyone of African descent found incapable of pronouncing correctly, that is, to the complete satisfaction of the sadistic examiners, became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty thousand innocent souls, Haitians as well as Dominicans.
  325. ↑ Paulino، Edward (16 فروری 2016)۔ Dividing Hispaniola: The Dominican Republic's Border Campaign against Haiti, 1930–1961۔ ISBN:978-0-8229-8103-9
  326. ↑ Turtis, 590.
  327. ↑ Galván، Javier A. (2012)۔ Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers۔ McFarland۔ ص 53
  328. ↑
  329. ^ ا ب Wucker، Michele (8 اپریل 2014)۔ Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola۔ ISBN:978-1-4668-6788-8
  330. ^ ا ب Benjamin Madley
    An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe,1846–1873
  331. ^ ا ب پ "California Genocide"۔ PBS۔ 08 جولا‎ئی 2007 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 08 جنوری 2007 
  332. ↑ Ben Kiernan۔ "8"۔ Blood and Soil A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur۔ ص 310–363 {{حوالہ کتاب}}: |work= تُجوهل (مساعدة)
  333. ↑ Heizer (1993)۔ Crescent City Herald۔ ص 35–36۔ quoted in Sacramento newspaper
  334. ↑ Only the range of deaths caused by massacred
  335. ↑ The total population decline of the period overall
  336. ↑ Ørsted-Jensen 2011
  337. ↑ Ray Gibbons۔ "The Partial Case for Queensland Genocide" {{حوالہ رسالہ}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)
  338. ↑ Hannah Baldry؛ Alisa McKeon؛ Scott McDougal۔ "Queensland's Frontier Killing Times – Facing Up to Genocide"۔ QUT Law Review۔ ج 15 ش 1: 92–113۔ ISSN:2201-7275
  339. ↑ Alison Palmer (1998)۔ "Colonial and modern genocide: explanations and categories"۔ Ethnic and Racial Studies۔ ج 21: 89–115۔ DOI:10.1080/014198798330115
  340. ^ ا ب پ Tatz، Colin (2006)۔ Roger Maaka؛ Chris Andersen (المحررون)۔ "Confronting Australian Genocide"۔ The Indigenous Experience: Global Perspectives۔ Canadian Scholars Press۔ ج 25: 16–36۔ ISBN:978-1-55130-300-0۔ PMID:19514155
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  342. ↑ R.C. (23 مئی 2018)۔ "The Rohingya crisis bears all the hallmarks of a genocide"۔ The Economist۔ اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-08-25
  343. ↑ Camilla Siazon (8 مئی 2018)۔ "The Rohingya Crisis and the Meaning of Genocide"۔ Council on Foreign Relations۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 25 اگست 2018 
  344. ↑ "UN official says Rohingya crisis has 'hallmarks of genocide'"۔ Associated Press۔ Associated Press۔ 1 فروری 2018۔ 13 جون 2021 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 25 اگست 2018 
  345. ↑ Azeem Ibrahim (23 اکتوبر 2017)۔ "There's only one conclusion on the Rohingya in Myanmar: It's genocide"۔ Cable News Network۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 25 اگست 2018 
  346. ↑ BBC (24 اپریل 2018)۔ "Myanmar Rohingya: What you need to know about the crisis"۔ BBC۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 25 اگست 2018 
  347. ↑ BenarNews (23 اگست 2017)۔ "Southeast Asia's Newest Rebel Group Calls بنگلہ دیش 'Great Neighbor'"۔ Radio Free Asia۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 25 اگست 2018 
  348. ↑ James Bennett (14 دسمبر 2017)۔ "Rohingya death toll likely above 10,000, MSF says amid exodus"۔ ABC۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 25 اگست 2018 
  349. ↑ Laignee Barron (8 مارچ 2018)۔ "More Than 43,000 Rohingya Parents مئی Be Missing. Experts Fear They Are Dead"۔ Time۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 25 اگست 2018 
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  352. ↑ Donald Rayfield (2004)۔ Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him۔ Random House۔ ISBN:0-375-50632-2
  353. ↑ Mikhail Heller؛ Aleksandr Nekrich (1986)۔ Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present
  354. ↑ "Soviet order to exterminate Cossacks is unearthed"۔ یونیورسٹی آف یورک۔ 21 جنوری 2003۔ 10 دسمبر 2009 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ دسمبر 10, 2009 
  355. ↑ Holquist، Peter (8 مارچ 1917)۔ Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia's Continuum of Crisis, 1914–1921 – Peter Holquist – Google Boeken۔ ISBN:978-0-674-00907-3۔ اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-03-01
  356. ↑ Holquist، Peter۔ Conduct merciless mass terror": decossackization on the Don, 1919۔ مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-12-04
  357. ↑ Holquist، Peter (1997)۔ ""Conduct merciless mass terror": decossackization on the Don, 1919"۔ Cahiers du Monde Russe : Russie, Empire Russe, Union Soviétique, États Indépendants۔ ج 38: 138۔ DOI:10.3406/cmr.1997.2486
  358. ↑ Reshetnikov L.P. (2014)۔ Return to Russia. The third way, or dead ends of hopelessness۔ ص 119 {{حوالہ کتاب}}: |work= تُجوهل (مساعدة)
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  367. ↑ Akinyemi، A.B. (اکتوبر 1972)۔ "The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War"۔ African Affairs۔ ج 71 ش 285: 408–426۔ DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282۔ JSTOR:720847
  368. ↑ "Civil War"۔ countrystudies.us۔ Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress۔ 1991۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ نومبر 21, 2019۔ The estimated number of deaths ranged as high as 30,000, although the figure was probably closer to 8,000 to 10,000. 
  369. ↑ "Civil War"۔ countrystudies.us۔ Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress۔ 1991۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ نومبر 21, 2019۔ The estimated number of deaths ranged as high as 30,000, although the figure was probably closer to 8,000 to 10,000. 
  370. ↑ WaiKeng Essay آرکائیو شدہ (Date missing) بذریعہ yale.edu (Error: unknown archive URL) 'Justice Done? Criminal and Moral Responsibility Issues in the Chinese Massacres Trial Singapore, 1947'
    Genocide Studies Program. Working Paper No. 18, 2001. Wai Keng Kwok, Branford College/ Yale university
  371. ↑ Gray 1994
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  376. ↑ Chakma اور Hill 2013
  377. ^ ا ب "بنگلہ دیش: Indigenous Peoples engulfed in Chittagong Hill Tracts land conflict"۔ www.amnesty.org (بزبان انگریزی)۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 04 اکتوبر 2018 
  378. ↑ "Tipraland movement: Autonomy is core to Tripura's tribal politics, but gaining power in state Assembly would be wiser" 
  379. ^ ا ب "Massacres in the CHT"۔ Angelfire۔ The sum of all dead listed in each massacre of the article"hundreds" or "thousands" will be assumed to equal anywhere from 100 to 900 or 1,000 to 9,000۔ 01 نومبر 2019 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  380. ↑ Girard, "Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802–4," p. ???۔
  381. ↑ Robins, Nicholas A. and Adam Jones. "Introduction: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice." In: Robins, Nicholas A. and Adam Jones (editors)۔ Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice۔ Indiana University Press، 2009. آئی ایس بی این 0253220777، 9780253220776. p. 3: "The Great Rebellion and the Haitian slave uprising are two examples of what we refer to as "subaltern genocide": cases in which subaltern actors—those objectively oppressed and disempowered—adopt genocidal strategies to vanquish their[…]" -- Also stated in Jones, Adam. Chapter 11: "Subaltern genocide: Genocides by the oppressed." In: The Scourge of Genocide: Essays and Reflections۔ Routledge, جون 26, 2013. آئی ایس بی این 1135047154، 9781135047153. p. 169۔
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  387. ↑
  388. ↑ Richard Spencer (2014-10-14)۔ "Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms"۔ Daily Telegraph (بزبان انگریزی)۔ ISSN 0307-1235۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 13 اکتوبر 2019 
  389. ↑ Geraldine Boezio۔ "Four years after Da'esh's attacks on the Sinjar region of Iraq, survivors of sexual violence still await justice – United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict" (بزبان انگریزی)۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 13 اکتوبر 2019 
  390. ↑ Stuart Doran (19 مئی 2015)۔ "Zimbabwe: new documents claim to prove Mugabe ordered Gukurahundi killings" – www.theguardian.com سے 
  391. ↑ Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe, ed. (1997)۔ Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace: Report on the 1980s Disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands. Harare, Zimbabwe: Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe and the Legal Resources Foundation (Zimbabwe)۔ OCLC 40480429. Archived from the original on 1 نومبر 2013. اخذکردہ بتاریخ 22 مارچ 2020.
  392. ↑ Hill، Geoff (2005) [2003]۔ The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown۔ Johannesburg: Struik Publishers۔ ص 77۔ ISBN:978-1-86872-652-3
  393. ↑ Koenigsburger، H. G.؛ Mosse، George؛ Bowler، G. Q. (1999)۔ Europe in the sixteenth century (ط. 2nd)۔ Longman۔ ISBN:978-0-582-41863-9
  394. ↑ Chadwick، Henry؛ Evans، G. R. (1987)۔ Atlas of the Christian church۔ London: Macmillan۔ ص 113۔ ISBN:978-0-333-44157-2
  395. ↑ Saint Bartholomew's Day, Massacre of (2008) Encyclopædia Britannica Deluxe Edition, Chicago; Hardouin de Péréfixe de Beaumont، Catholic Archbishop of Paris a century later, put the number at 100,000, but "This last number is probably exaggerated, if we reckon only those who perished by a violent death. But if we add those who died from wretchedness, hunger, sorrow, abandoned old men, women without shelter, children without bread,—all the miserable whose life was shortened by this great catastrophe, we shall see that the estimate of Péréfixe is still below the reality." G. D. Félice (1851)۔ History of the Protestants of France۔ New York: Edward Walker, p. 217.
  396. ^ ا ب "The Genocide"۔ Moriori Genocide۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 19 اکتوبر 2018 
  397. ↑ Kopel، Dave؛ Gallant، Paul؛ Eisen، Joanne D. (11 اپریل 2003)۔ "A Moriori Lesson: a brief history of pacifism"۔ National Review
  398. ^ ا ب "Tommy Solomon"۔ 23 جنوری 2016 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  399. ↑ King، Michael (2011)۔ The Silence Beyond۔ Penguin۔ ص 190۔ ISBN:978-1-4596-2301-9
  400. ↑ Denise Davis، Māui Solomon (28 Oct 2008)۔ "Moriori: The impact of new arrivals"۔ Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of نیوزی لینڈ۔ NZ Ministry for Culture and Heritage۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 07 فروری 2009 
  401. ↑ King، Michael (2000)۔ Moriori: a People Rediscovered; revised ed۔ Viking۔ ص 57–58۔ ISBN:0-14-010391-0۔ Original edition 1989
  402. ↑ "Historical Timeline of the Auckland Islands"۔ 10 فروری 2012 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ 
  403. ↑ King، Michael (1989)۔ "Moriori: A People Rediscovered"۔ آکلینڈ: Viking: 136 {{حوالہ رسالہ}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)
  404. ↑ George V. Rauch (1999)۔ The Argentine Military and the Boundary Dispute With Chile, 1870–1902۔ Greenwood Publishing Group۔ ص 47
  405. ^ ا ب Ward Churchill۔ A Little Matter of Genocide۔ ص 109
  406. ↑ Melia, B a, L. Miraglia, M. Munzel, and C. Munzel. (1973) La Agonía de los Aché Guayaki: Historia y Cantos۔ Centro de Estudios Antropológicos, Universidad Católica: Asunción.
  407. ↑ http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1023.4008&rep=rep1&type=pdf Victims of State:Genocide, Politicides and Group Repression Since 1945 Page 26 Babara Haff & Ted Robert Gurr
  408. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2014/04/140408_ultnot_paraguay_ache_indigenas_justicia_irm.shtml
  409. ↑ Reynolds، Henry (2004)۔ A. Dirk Moses (المحرر)۔ Genocide in Tasmania?۔ Berghan Books۔ ص 128 {{حوالہ کتاب}}: |work= تُجوهل (مساعدة)
  410. ↑ (Clements 2014، صفحہ 4)[مکمل حوالہ درکار]
  411. ^ ا ب (Clements 2013، صفحہ 329–331)[مکمل حوالہ درکار]


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