ویکیپیڈیا

معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے پولش

حرف صحیح
IPA Polish Example English approximation
b b bardzo bike
ɕ ś, s(i)[1] Jaś she
d d dawno door
dz[2] dz dzban beds
dʑ[2] dź, dz(i)[1] dziadek jeep[3]
dʐ [2] dż Dżakarta jug[3]
f f foka feist
ɡ g grać girl
ɡʲ g(i)[1] Gienek argue
ɣ ch, h niechby roughly like go, but without completely blocking air flow on the g
j j, i[1] jak yes
k k krowa scam
kʲ k(i)[1] kierowca skew
l l lampa lion
m m[4] morze mile
n n[4] nad Nile
Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "ɲ̟" not found in list ń, n(i)[4][1] nie canyon
ŋ[5] n[4] bank bank
p p policja spike
r r różowy trilled r
Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "s̪" not found in list s smak sign
ʂ sz szybko shore[3]
t t tak stow
tɕ[2] ć, c(i)[1] cierpki cheer[3]
Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "t̪͡s̪" not found in list[2] c całkiem cats
tʂ[2] cz czy child[3]
v w wartość vile
w ł ładny way
x ch, h chleb (Scottish) loch
xʲ h(i)[1] hiacynt huge
Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "z̪" not found in list z zebra zebra
ʑ ź, z(i)[1] ziarno vision, azure[3]
ʐ ż, rz rzadko
Vowels
IPA Polish Example English approximation
a a tam father (shorter)
ɛ e dżem bed
ɛ̃ ę[4] kęs length
i i[1] piwo eat (shorter)
ɨ y my roses
ɔ o rok rock
ɔ̃ ą[4] wąs wrong
u u, ó duży boot (shorter)
Other symbols used for Polish
IPA Explanation
ˈ Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable).
Usually the penultimate syllable of a word.
ˌ Secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable).
. Syllable break.

See alsoترميم

Notesترميم

  1. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ The letter ‹i›, when followed by a vowel, either represents a pronunciation like a ‹j› or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so pies is pronounced as if it were spelt ‹pjes›).
    It has the same effect as an acute accent on alveolar consonants (‹s›, ‹z›, ‹c›, ‹dz›, ‹n›). So się, cios and niania are pronounced as if they were spelt ‹śę›, ‹ćos›, ‹ńańa›. A following ‹i› also softens consonants when it is itself pronounced as a vowel, so for example zima, ci and dzisiaj are pronounced as if spelled ‹źima›, ‹ći›, ‹dźiśaj›.
  2. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث Affricates such as /ts/ and /dʐ/) are correctly written with tie-bars: /t͡s/, /d͡ʐ/. The tie-bars are omitted in the above chart, as they do not display correctly in all browsers. Nonetheless, Polish does contrast affricates with stop + fricative clusters, like czysta [ˈt͡ʂɨsta] "clean" versus trzysta [ˈtʂɨsta] "three hundred".
  3. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث Polish makes contrasts between retroflex and alveolo-palatal consonants, both of which sound like the English postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/. The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard", with the tip of the tongue approaching the alveolar ridge and the blade of the tongue somewhat lowered, whereas the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft", realized with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of a ‹y› or ‹ee› sound to them.
  4. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث The letters ‹ą› and ‹ę› represent the nasal vowels /ɔ̃, ɛ̃/, except when followed by a stop or affricate, where they represent oral vowels /ɔ, ɛ/ followed by a nasal consonant homorganic with the following stop or affricate (e.g. kąt [ˈkɔnt], gęba [ˈɡɛmba], ręka [ˈrɛŋka], piszący [piˈʂɔnt͡sɨ], pieniądze [pjɛˈɲɔnd͡zɛ], pięć [ˈpjɛɲt͡ɕ], jęczy [ˈjɛnt͡ʂɨ]).
  5. ↑ Allophone of /n/ before a velar /ɡ, k, x/.

Further readingترميم

  • Sadowska، Iwona (2012). Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar. آکسفرڈ; نیویارک: روٹلیج. ISBN 978-0-415-47541-9. 

External linksترميم

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