معاونت:بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد/المانی جرمن
The charts below show the way in which the بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد represents Swabian, Low Alemannic, High Alemannic and Highest Alemannic pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
Notes:
- No Alemannic dialect uses all of the sounds described in this guide.
- Each example word is tagged with the name of the dialect from which it comes.
- The majority of the example words are from the Zurich dialect.
- Most Alemannic dialects are not written very often, and thus do not have official spellings. For the sake of consistency, this guide uses the Zurich German spelling convention proposed by Dieth اور Schmid-Cadalbert (1986).[1]
See Bernese German phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of one of the Alemannic dialects.
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Notes ترميم
- ↑ Cited in Fleischer اور Schmid (2006:251)
- ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ Some scholars choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents with the symbols ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩, rather than ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩. In that case, the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨pː, tː, kː, xː, sː, ʃː⟩ or ⟨pp, tt, kk, xx, ss, ʃʃ⟩, rather than ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Here, we choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents as ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩, whereas the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Long fortis obstruents or geminates occur in most of Switzerland except for the extreme Northeast, Wallis, and the Grisons–St. Gall Rhine valley.
- ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ The dorsal obstruents /kx, x, ɣ̊/ are realized as velar [[[|kx]], [[|x]], [[|ɣ̊]]] or uvular [[[|qχ]], [[|χ]], [[|ʁ̥]]], depending on the dialect.
- ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث The /r/ phoneme can be pronounced as an alveolar trill [r], an alveolar tap [ɾ], a uvular trill [ʀ], a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ], a voiceless lenis uvular fricative [ʁ̥], or as a uvular approximant [[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "ʁ̞" not found in list|ʁ̞]]] (for simplicity, we transcribe it the same as a voiced uvular fricative), depending on the dialect. Some dialects (e.g. Zurich German) use all six realizations (Fleischer اور Schmid (2006:244)).
- ^ ا ب پ The aspirated consonants [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] occur in borrowings from Standard German (Fleischer اور Schmid (2006:244)). In the dialects of Basel and Chur, an aspirated [kʰ] is also present in native words.
- ↑ In Swabian German, /r/ is realized as a uvular approximant [[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "ʁ̞" not found in list|ʁ̞]]] in syllable onset, but as a pharyngeal approximant [[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "ʕ̞" not found in list|ʕ̞]]] in other positions (Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache.). For simplicity, we transcribe these sounds as, respectively, [ʁ] and [ʕ].
- ↑ In Bernese German, /l/ in the syllable ہجا is realized as [w].
- ↑ In Bernese German, the geminate /lː/ is realized as [wː].
- ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث The open vowels /a, aː/ can be front unrounded [[[|a]], [[|aː]]], central unrounded [[[|ä]], [[|äː]]] (although for simplicity, we transcribe these variants the same as the front [a, aː]), back unrounded [[[|ɑ]], [[|ɑː]]] or back rounded [[[|ɒ]], [[|ɒː]]], depending on the dialect.
- ^ ا ب پ ت Zurich German has a free variation between back unrounded [ɑ, ɑː] and back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] realizations (Fleischer اور Schmid (2006:248)).
- ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث The mid vowels /ɛ, ɛː, œ, œː, ɔ, ɔː/ can be open-mid [[[|ɛ]], [[|ɛː]], [[|œ]], [[|œː]], [[|ɔ]], [[|ɔː]]] or true-mid [[[|ɛ̝]], [[|ɛ̝ː]], [[|œ̝]], [[|œ̝ː]], [[|ɔ̝]], [[|ɔ̝ː]]] (e.g. in Bernese German (Marti (1985:28)), depending on the dialect. For simplicity, we transcribe both open-mid and true-mid realizations simply as [ɛ, ɛː, œ, œː, ɔ, ɔː].
- ↑ The schwa /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
- ↑ In Basel German and in the dialect of Markgräflerland, /uː/ is fronted to [ʉː].
- ↑ Less common variant: Hö̀rdöpfel [ˈhœrˌd̥øpfəl] (Fleischer اور Schmid (2006:247)).
Bibliography ترميم
- لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔
- لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔
- لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔
- لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔
- لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔
- لوا خطا ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Utilities میں 38 سطر پر: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil)۔