معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے امہری

Vowels
Vowel Orders	IPA	Transliteration^[1]	English Approximation
First Order	ɛ~ə	ä^[2] (e, eh)	The e in set (sometimes a schwa)
Second Order	ʊ~u	u (ou, oo)	The "oo" in foot or soon
Third Order	i	i (ii, ee)	The "ea" in seat
Fourth Order	ä^[2]	a (ah)	The "o" in cot SAE
Fifth Order	(ʲ)e	e, é (ie, ié)	Similar to "a" in Way except with no glide
Sixth Order	ɨ~ə	ə (i, ih)	The "e" in Roses (sometimes a schwa)
Seventh Order	o (ɔ)	o (oh or au)	The "oa" in Boat (or the au in maul)

ابوگیدا
IPA ^[3]	ɛ	u	i	ä	e	ɨ	o	ʷä	ʲɛ	English approximation	Transliteration^[1]
b^[4]	በ	ቡ	ቢ	ባ	ቤ	ብ	ቦ	ቧ		Bed	b
d^[5]	ደ	ዱ	ዲ	ዳ	ዴ	ድ	ዶ	ዷ		Dad	d
d͡ʒ	ጀ	ጁ	ጂ	ጃ	ጄ	ጅ	ጆ	ጇ		Judge	ǧ, j
f	ፈ	ፉ	ፊ	ፋ	ፌ	ፍ	ፎ	ፏ	ፚ	Far	f
ɡ	ገ	ጉ	ጊ	ጋ	ጌ	ግ	ጎ	ጓ		Go	g
h	ሀ^[6]	ሁ	ሂ	ሃ	ሄ	ህ	ሆ			How	h
h	ኀ^[6]	ኁ	ኂ	ኃ	ኄ	ኅ	ኆ	ኋ			h, ḫ
h	ሐ^[6]	ሑ	ሒ	ሓ	ሔ	ሕ	ሖ	ሗ			h, ḥ
h^[7]	ኸ	ኹ	ኺ	ኻ	ኼ	ኽ	ኾ	ዃ			h, kh

ابوگیدا (cont.)
IPA ^[3]	ɛ	u	i	ä	e	ɨ	o	ʷä	ʲɛ	English approximation	Transliteration^[1]
j	የ	ዩ	ዪ	ያ	ዬ	ይ	ዮ			Yes	y
k	ከ	ኩ	ኪ	ካ	ኬ	ክ	ኮ	ኳ		King	k
kʼ	ቀ	ቁ	ቂ	ቃ	ቄ	ቅ	ቆ	ቋ		Ski^[8]	q, ḳ, k', k
l	ለ	ሉ	ሊ	ላ	ሌ	ል	ሎ	ሏ		Let	l
m	መ	ሙ	ሚ	ማ	ሜ	ም	ሞ	ሟ	ፙ	Match	m
n	ነ	ኑ	ኒ	ና	ኔ	ን	ኖ	ኗ		Now	n
ɲ	ኘ	ኙ	ኚ	ኛ	ኜ	ኝ	ኞ	ኟ		Onion	ň, gn, ñ, ny
p^[7]^[9]	ፐ	ፑ	ፒ	ፓ	ፔ	ፕ	ፖ	ፗ		Pin	p

ابوگیدا (cont.)
IPA ^[3]	ɛ	u	i	ä	e	ɨ	o	ʷä	ʲɛ	English approximation	Transliteration^[1]
pʼ^[7]	ጰ	ጱ	ጲ	ጳ	ጴ	ጵ	ጶ	ጷ		Upper^[8]	p̣, p', p
ɾ ~ r	ረ	ሩ	ሪ	ራ	ሬ	ር	ሮ	ሯ	ፘ	Water SAE	r
s	ሰ	ሱ	ሲ	ሳ	ሴ	ስ	ሶ	ሷ		Sight	s
s	ሠ	ሡ	ሢ	ሣ	ሤ	ሥ	ሦ	ሧ			ś
ʃ	ሸ	ሹ	ሺ	ሻ	ሼ	ሽ	ሾ	ሿ		Short	š, sh, ʃ, sch
t^[5]	ተ	ቱ	ቲ	ታ	ቴ	ት	ቶ	ቷ		Talk	t
t͡sʼ	ጸ	ጹ	ጺ	ጻ	ጼ	ጽ	ጾ	ጿ		Pizza^[8]	ṣ, ts, ts', tz, z
t͡sʼ	ፀ	ፁ	ፂ	ፃ	ፄ	ፅ	ፆ				ṣ́
t͡ʃ	ቸ	ቹ	ቺ	ቻ	ቼ	ች	ቾ	ቿ		Church	č, ch, tʲ

ابوگیدا (cont.)
IPA ^[3]	ɛ	u	i	ä	e	ɨ	o	ʷä	English approximation	Transliteration^[1]
t͡ʃʼ	ጨ	ጩ	ጪ	ጫ	ጬ	ጭ	ጮ	ጯ	Achoo^[8]	č̣, č', ch', ch, tsch, ṭʲ
tʼ	ጠ	ጡ	ጢ	ጣ	ጤ	ጥ	ጦ	ጧ	Stick^[8]	ṭ, t', t
v ~ β^[7]	ቨ	ቩ	ቪ	ቫ	ቬ	ቭ	ቮ	ቯ	Vault	v
w	ወ^[10]	ዉ	ዊ	ዋ	ዌ	ው^[10]	ዎ		Walk	w
z	ዘ	ዙ	ዚ	ዛ	ዜ	ዝ	ዞ	ዟ	Zoo	z
ʒ	ዠ	ዡ	ዢ	ዣ	ዤ	ዥ	ዦ	ዧ	Pleasure	ž, zh, z, s, j, g
ʔ^[11]	አ^[6]	ኡ	ኢ	ኣ	ኤ	እ	ኦ	ኧ^[7]^[12]	Uh-oh	ʾ , -
ʔ^[11]	ዐ^[6]	ዑ	ዒ	ዓ	ዔ	ዕ	ዖ			ʿ, ʾ, -

Labiovelar Abugida
IPA	ɛ ~ ɔ^[10]	i	ä	e	ɨ ~ ʊ^[10]
ɡʷ	ጐ	ጒ	ጓ	ጔ	ጕ
hʷ^[13]	ኈ	ኊ	ኋ	ኌ	ኍ
kʷ	ኰ	ኲ	ኳ	ኴ	ኵ
kʼʷ	ቈ	ቊ	ቋ	ቌ	ቍ

حوالہ جات

^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ The standard transliteration of the Ethiopian Semitic consonants and vowels are listed first (except for letters used for loanwords).
^ ^ا ^ب The letter ä has two functions in this article. When it is shown in IPA (or between slashes) it represents the open central unrounded vowel. When ä is used in the transliteration it represents the first order vowel (usually ɛ).
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت The Abugida uses the IPA pronunciations that are used specifically when reading the alphabet or spelling a word in Amharic. The letters' pronunciations in spoken Amharic sometime differ from the IPA vowels given in this chart (dependent on word and stress).
↑ The በ series is pronounced with the consonant /β/ in between two vowels.
^ ^ا ^ب The ደ and ተ series are dentals unlike the English d & t (which are alveolar). The dentals are articulated at the top of the teeth instead of the Alveolar ridge.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ ሀ, ኀ, & ሐ are not pronounced as /hɛ/ nor are አ & ዐ pronounced like /ʔɛ/. Instead they are pronounced as if they were fourth orders (/hä/ & /ʔä/ respectively).
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ The ቨ, ፐ, ጰ series along with the letter ኧ are all used for loan words. Sometimes ኸ is used to represent the Arabic خ in loanwords but ከ is usually used in modern Amharic instead.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ The ejectives have no equivalent in English. The way that ejectives are sounded is by building up pressure in your throat, like when you sneeze, and then release the built-up air as you articulate the consonant where you normally would. So, /t'/ and /t/ are articulated in the same place but the difference is whether you build up pressure or not.
↑ This sound was introduced through loan words. It is sometimes pronounced unaspirated as the "p" in spin and is often confused with the /b/ sound
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت Sometimes when /ɛ/ and /ɨ/ are proceeded by /w/ the rounding carries over and they are pronounced like /wɔ/ and /wʊ/ respectively. Because of this, first and sixth orders of the ወ series are sometimes respelled with seventh and second orders respectively.
^ ^ا ^ب The አ and ዐ series have lost their consonantal values and are vowel carriers in modern Amharic. Though sometimes the consonant /ʔ/ is pronounced in word initial and medial positions, the glottal stop is often dropped.
↑ ኧ, being irregular, is not pronounced like 'ʷa but like 'ä and is the only way to write such sound in Amharic.
↑ The modern ኀ isn't a velar. The character was once a velar in ancient Ge'ez, which is why it has a written labial form today, but it became a glottal fricative in modern Amharic. ኀ's labial form is the only way used to write /hʷ/ in Amharic.

[Transliteration_Note-1] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ The standard transliteration of the Ethiopian Semitic consonants and vowels are listed first (except for letters used for loanwords).

[ä_confusion-2] ا ^ب The letter ä has two functions in this article. When it is shown in IPA (or between slashes) it represents the open central unrounded vowel. When ä is used in the transliteration it represents the first order vowel (usually ɛ).

[Abugida_IPA-3] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت The Abugida uses the IPA pronunciations that are used specifically when reading the alphabet or spelling a word in Amharic. The letters' pronunciations in spoken Amharic sometime differ from the IPA vowels given in this chart (dependent on word and stress).

[intervocalic_pronunciations-4] The በ series is pronounced with the consonant /β/ in between two vowels.

[Dentals-5] ا ^ب The ደ and ተ series are dentals unlike the English d & t (which are alveolar). The dentals are articulated at the top of the teeth instead of the Alveolar ridge.

[glottal_first-orders-6] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ ሀ, ኀ, & ሐ are not pronounced as /hɛ/ nor are አ & ዐ pronounced like /ʔɛ/. Instead they are pronounced as if they were fourth orders (/hä/ & /ʔä/ respectively).

[Loanwords-7] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ The ቨ, ፐ, ጰ series along with the letter ኧ are all used for loan words. Sometimes ኸ is used to represent the Arabic خ in loanwords but ከ is usually used in modern Amharic instead.

[ejectives-8] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ The ejectives have no equivalent in English. The way that ejectives are sounded is by building up pressure in your throat, like when you sneeze, and then release the built-up air as you articulate the consonant where you normally would. So, /t'/ and /t/ are articulated in the same place but the difference is whether you build up pressure or not.

[P_and_B_confusion-9] This sound was introduced through loan words. It is sometimes pronounced unaspirated as the "p" in spin and is often confused with the /b/ sound

[rounding-10] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت Sometimes when /ɛ/ and /ɨ/ are proceeded by /w/ the rounding carries over and they are pronounced like /wɔ/ and /wʊ/ respectively. Because of this, first and sixth orders of the ወ series are sometimes respelled with seventh and second orders respectively.

[Vowel_Carriers-11] ا ^ب The አ and ዐ series have lost their consonantal values and are vowel carriers in modern Amharic. Though sometimes the consonant /ʔ/ is pronounced in word initial and medial positions, the glottal stop is often dropped.

[glottal_iregularity-12] ኧ, being irregular, is not pronounced like 'ʷa but like 'ä and is the only way to write such sound in Amharic.

[Labiovelar_oddity-13] The modern ኀ isn't a velar. The character was once a velar in ancient Ge'ez, which is why it has a written labial form today, but it became a glottal fricative in modern Amharic. ኀ's labial form is the only way used to write /hʷ/ in Amharic.

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د ب ت آئی پی اے کلید
افریکانز البانوی امہری عربی مصری حجازی تونسی آرامی آرمینیائی آسامی آستوریائی آسٹریلوی زبانیں آزربائیجانی باسک بیلاروسی بنگالی بربر بریٹن بلغاری برمی کاتالان چینی مینڈارن کینٹنی تائیوانی ہاکیئن کارسیکائی چیک اورسلوواک ڈینش فارسی دوتھراکی ڈچ انگریزی انگریزی لہجات قدیم انگریزی اسپرانتو استونیائی اکستریمادوری فجی فنش فرانکو-پروینسال فرانسیسی فریسی زاترلانڈ مغربی گالیسیائی ترکمان جارجیائی جرمن جرمن المانی یونانی گوارانی گجراتی ہیٹی کریول ہوائی عبرانی ہندی مجارستانی آئس لینڈی مالے انوکٹیٹوٹ انوپیاک آئرش اطالوی جاپانی خودئیو-ہسپانوی کنڑا کیرن کشمیری قازق خمیر کلینگون کوریائی کؤری-وینی کردی لاؤ لاطینی لیٹویائی لاز لتھووینیائی معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ/لگژمبرگی مقدونیائی مالاگاسی مالے ملیالم مالٹی مانچو مینکس ماوری مارشلی مایائی منگرلیئن منگولی میراندی ناواتال ناواہو ناپولی نیپالی شمالی تھائی نارویجن آکسیٹان اڑیہ اورومو اوسیشیائی فارسی پولش پرتگیزی پنجابی کیچوا ریپواری کولونی رومانیائی رومانش روسی سنسکرت کلاسیکی ساردینیائی سکاٹش گیلک سربی کروشیائی شان سلوواک سلووین ہسپانوی سوان سواحلی سوازی سونسکا تگالوگ تائی لو تاجک تمل تھائی تبتی تیگرینیا ترکی ترکمان یوکرینی وینسی ویتنامی والون واندامین ویلزی نگونی یدیش زولو
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