معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے جرمن

حرف صحیحs
DE AT CH fffofffa Examples English approximation
[[|b]] bei[1] ball
[[|ç]] ich, durch; China (DE) hue
[[|d]] dann[1] done
[[|f]] für, von fuss
[[|ɡ]] gut[1] guest
[[|h]] hat hut
[[|j]] Jahr yard
[[|k]] kann, Tag[2] cold
[[|l]] Leben last
[[|l̩]] Mantel bottle
[[|m]] Mann must
[[|m̩]] Atem rhythm
[[|n]] Name not
[[|n̩]] beiden suddenly
[[|ŋ]] lang long
[[|ŋ̍]] wenigen shock'ng (dialect for shocking)
[[|p]] Person, ab[2] puck
[[|pf]] Pfeffer cupful
[[|ʁ]] [[|r]] reden[3] DE: French rouge
AT, CH: far (Scottish)
[[|s]] lassen, Haus, groß fast
[[|ʃ]] schon, Stadt shall
[[|t]] Tag, und[2] tall
[[|ts]] Zeit, Platz cats
[[|tʃ]] Matsch match
[[|v]] was[1] vanish
[[|x]] nach loch (no lock–loch merger)
[[|z]] Sie, diese[1] hose
[[|ʔ]] beamtet[4]
([bəˈʔamtət])
the وقف مزمارs in uh-oh!
Non-native consonants
[[|dʒ]] Dschungel[1][5] jungle
[[|ʒ]] Genie[1][5] pleasure
Stress
[[|ˈ]] Bahnhofstraße
([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])
as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
[[|ˌ]]
مصوتs
DE AT CH Examples English approximation
Monophthongs
[[|a]] alles[6] art (no r-colouring)
[[|aː]] aber, sah[6] father
[[|ɛ]] Ende, hätte bet
[[|ɛː]] spät, wählen[7] bed
[[|eː]] eben, gehen pays (Scottish)
[[|ɪ]] ist, bitte sit
[[|iː]] viel, Berlin tea
[[|ɔ]] Osten, kommen lot (RP and Australian)
[[|oː]] oder, hohe law (RP and Australian)
[[|œ]] öffnen roughly like hurt (no r-colouring)
[[|øː]] Österreich roughly like herd (no r-colouring)
[[|ʊ]] und took (Australian)
[[|uː]] Hut pool
[[|ʏ]] müssen roughly like Scottish shoot
[[|yː]] über roughly like Scottish shoes
Diphthongs
ein bite
auf shout
ɔʏ ɔɪ Euro, Häuser loiter
Reduced vowels
[[|ɐ]] ər immer[3] DE, AT: roughly like fun
CH: butter (Scottish)
[[|ə]] Name ago
Semivowels
ɐ̯ r Uhr[3] DE, AT: roughly like idea
CH: far (Scottish)
[[|i̯]] Studie yard
[[|u̯]] aktuell would
Non-native vowels
ãː Gourmand[8] chanson (French pron., but long)
ɛ̃ː Pointe[8] vingt-et-un (French pron., but long)
õː Garçon[8] chanson (French pron., but long)
œ̃ː Parfum[8] vingt-et-un (French pron., but long)
œːɐ̯ O2 World[9] roughly like herd
Shortened vowels
[[|a]] Kalender[6][10] art (no r-colouring)
[[|ã]] engagieren[8] chanson (short [ãː])
[[|ɛ̃]] impair[8] vingt-et-un (short [ɛ̃ː])
[[|e]] Element[10] pace (Scottish)
[[|i]] Italien[10] teach
[[|o]] originell[10] force (RP and Australian)
[[|õ]] fon[8] chanson (short [õː])
[[|œ̃]] Lundist[8] vingt-et-un (short [œ̃ː])
[[|ø]] Ökonom[10] roughly like hurt (no r-colouring)
[[|u]] Universität[10] truth
[[|y]] Psychologie[10] roughly like Scottish shoot

See also ترمیم

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  1. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.
  2. ^ ا ب پ In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.
  3. ^ ا ب پ Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, باواریا and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the ہجا is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]
  4. Initial vowels are usually preceded by [ʔ], except in Swiss Standard German.
  5. ^ ا ب Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall (2003:42)). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.
  6. ^ ا ب پ Some scholars write [ɑː] for [aː], and [ɑ] for its shortened counterpart, thus differentiating between regular [a] and shortened [ɑ] (see e.g. Wierzbicka & Rynkowska (1992:412–415)).
  7. In Northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ to [].
  8. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] (Mangold (2005:65)).
  9. [œːɐ̯] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /ɜːr/. It also appears in certain French surnames, e.g. Vasseur. (Krech et al. (2009:64, 142)).
  10. ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج [a, e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [aː, eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] (Mangold (2005:65)).

Bibliography ترمیم

  • Christopher Hall (2003) [First published 1992]، Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ایڈیشن)، Manchester: Manchester University Press، ISBN 0-7190-6689-1 
  • Ingrid Hove (2002)۔ Die Aussprache der Standardsprache in der Schweiz۔ Tübingen: Niemeyer۔ ISBN 978-3-484-23147-4 
  • Eva Maria Krech، Eberhard Stock، Ursula Hirschfeld، Lutz-Christian Anders (2009)، Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch، Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter، ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6 
  • Max Mangold (2005)، Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ایڈیشن)، Duden، ISBN 978-3411040667 
  • Irena Wierzbicka، Teresa Rynkowska (1992)، Samouczek języka niemieckiego: kurs wstępny (6th ایڈیشن)، Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna، ISBN 83-214-0284-4