معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے مالے
| IPA | Examples | nearest English equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| [[|b]] | bola[1] | beau |
| [[|d]] | dari[1] | do |
| [[|ð]] | izin, zakar[2] | the, father |
| [[|dʒ]] | jari | job |
| [[|f]] | fikir, visa[3] | festival |
| [[|ɡ]] | galah[4] | gain |
| [[|h]] | habis, tokoh | hat |
| [[|j]] | yakin, kaya | yes |
| [[|k]] | kalah[1][4] | sky |
| [[|l]] | lama | clean |
| [[|m]] | makan | moon |
| [[|n]] | nakal | note |
| [[|ŋ]] | ngarai | feeling |
| [[|ɲ]] | nyaman | canyon |
| [[|θ]] | Selasa, salji, misal[2] | think, three |
| [[|p]] | pola[1] | spy |
| [[|r]] | raja, dari, pasar | trilled 'r'[5] |
| [[|s]] | saya | six |
| [[|ʃ]] | syak[3] | shoe |
| [[|t]] | tari[1] | sty |
| [[|tʃ]] | cari | check |
| [[|v]] | visa[3] | vision |
| [[|w]] | waktu, Jawa | we |
| [[|x]] | khas[3] | Scottish Loch |
| [[|z]] | zaman[3] | zero |
| [[|ʔ]] | bapak [1][4] |
| IPA | Examples | nearest English equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| [[|a]] | ajar, buka[7][8] | father |
| [[|e]] | serong, kare, pilih, yakin, kirim[9] | clay[10] |
| [[|ɛ]] | pek, teh, bebek[11] | festival |
| [[|i]] | bila, ini | see |
| [[|ɪ]] | kirim[11] | bin |
| [[|o]] | roda, toko, tujuh, rumput[9] | sole[12] |
| [[|ɔ]] | pohon[11] | sort |
| [[|u]] | upah, baru | moon |
| [[|ʊ]] | rumput[11] | foot |
| [[|ə]] | gelak, buka[7] | taken, about |
| IPA | Examples | nearest English equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| au, aʊ[13] | kalau[9] | how |
| ai, aɪ[13] | capai[9] | bye |
| ei, eɪ[13] | murbei | survey (uncommon) |
| oi, oɪ[13] | sepoi | boy (uncommon) |
| ui, uɪ[13] | fengsui | Spanish muy (uncommon) |
| IPA | Explanation |
|---|---|
| [[|ˈ]] | Primary stress Placed before the stressed syllable[14] |
حواشی ترمیم
- ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث /p/, /t/, /k/ are unaspirated, as in the رومنی زبانیں, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are unreleased [p̚, t̪̚, ʔ̚], with final k being a وقف مزمار. /b, d/ are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, [p̚, t̚]. There is no liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in kulit ubi "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
- ^ ا ب The dental fricatives [θ, ð] are found solely in Arabic loanwords, but the writing is not distinguished from the Arabic loanwords containing the [s, z] sounds and these sounds must be learned separately by the speakers.
- ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ The fricatives [f, z, ʃ, x] are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as [v]; otherwise it is [f]. The fricative [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
- ^ ا ب پ The glottal stop [ʔ] is an allophone of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the coda: baik, bapak. It is also used between identical vowels in hiatus. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.
- ↑ In traditional Malay areas, the rhotic consonant /r/ is realized as a velar or uvular fricative, [ɣ] or [ʁ], and elided word-finally. Elsewhere, including in Standard Indonesian, it is an alveolar tap [ɾ] or trill [r]. Its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: kertas "paper" may be pronounced [krəˈtas] or [kərəˈtas].
- ↑ The nasal consonants /m, n, ŋ, ɲ/ nasalize following vowels, and may nasalize a subsequent vowel if the intervening consonant is /h, j, w, ʔ/.
- ^ ا ب In Malaysian, word-final /a/ is often reduced to [ə].
- ↑ [ɑ] is an occasional allophone of /a/ after or before more carefully pronounced consonant from Arabic loanwords, example: qari [qɑri].
- ^ ا ب پ ت [e, o] are allophones of /i, u/ in native words, but have become established as distinct phonemes in English and Javanese loan words. The diphthongs /ai, au/, which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into [e, o], respectively, especially in جاوا.
- ↑ The Malay/Indonesian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of clay (for most English dialects) and the vowel of get. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ^ ا ب پ ت /e, i, o, u/ in انڈونیشیائی زبان have lax allophones [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, ʊ] in ہجا, except that tense [i, u] occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and lax [ɛ, ɔ] also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel.
- ↑ The Malay /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of sole (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ Only occurs in Indonesian, not in Malay.
- ↑ Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa [ə], stress shifts to the antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.