حرف صحیحs
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IPA |
Examples |
English approximation
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ʔ
|
anh (pronounced before a vowel)
|
button (glottal stop)
| ɓ
|
ba [ʔb]
|
almost like bee
| c~tɕ
|
chè (Saigon final [t] after e/i/y [1])
|
cheese (unaspirated)
| ɗ
|
đi [ʔd]
|
almost like day
| f
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phở
|
fight
| h
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hàng
|
high
| j
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tây; mai (may follow all vowels but e/i/y [1])
|
yellow
| k
|
cô, kem
|
sky
| l
|
là
|
low
| m
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mai
|
my
| n
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nam (Saigon final [ŋ] after a/o/u [2])
|
no
| ɲ
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nhà (Saigon final [n] after after e/i/y [1])
|
roughly like singing
| ŋ
|
ngam (before a/o/u [2]); nghe (before e/i/y [1])
|
singer
| p
|
đáp
|
sport
| s
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xa
|
so
| ʂ
|
sao (Hanoi [s])
|
almost like show
| t
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tây (Saigon final [k] after o/u [2])
|
stop
| tʰ
|
thầy
|
top
| ʈʂ
|
tra [ʈ] (Hanoi c~tɕ)
|
almost like choose (unaspirated)
| v
|
về ([j] in informal Southern Vietnamese)
|
van
| w
|
câu; oanh (Hanoi initial [ʔw]) (may follow all vowels but a/o/u [2])
|
we
| x
|
khô (Saigon [kʰ])
|
loch (Scottish English)
| ɣ
|
ga (before a/o/u [2]); ghế (before e/i/y [1])
|
No English equivalent ; amigo in Spanish
| z
|
da; già (Saigon [j])
|
zero
| ʐ
|
ra (Hanoi [z], Saigon could be [ɹ])
|
almost like pleasure
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Monophthongs
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IPA
|
Examples |
English approximation
|
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ă
|
ăn; anh
|
almost like cut
| a
|
ba [3] |
between cat and father
| e
|
về
|
almost like sit
| ɛ
|
xe
|
set
| ə̆
|
ân; bênh
|
person
| ɤ
|
bơ [ɤː]
|
almost like sir (British English)
| i
|
khi; quy
|
see
| ɯ
|
tư
|
No English equivalent ; unrounded [u]
| o
|
cô
|
almost like good
| ɔ
|
có; xoong
|
law
| u
|
ru
|
too
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Diphthongs
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IPA
|
Examples |
English approximation
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iə
|
viên, bia
|
beer (British English)
| ɯə
|
xương, chưa
|
No English equivalent
| uə
|
uống, mua
|
sure (British English)
| ʷ
|
(see /w/ above)
|
we
|
Tones
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IPA
|
Examples
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a ə
|
a (Hanoi [˧], Saigon [˧])
| â ə̂
|
à (Hanoi [˨˩], Saigon [˨˩])
| ǎ ə̌
|
á (Hanoi [˧˥], Saigon [˧˥])
| a᷉ ə᷉[4] |
ả (Hanoi [˧˩], Saigon [˧˩˧])
| ǎˀ ə̌ˀ
|
ã (Hanoi [˧ˀ˥], Saigon [˧˩˧])
| âˀ ə̂ˀ
|
ạ (Hanoi [˧ˀ˩ʔ], Saigon [˨˧])
| ə́k[5] |
ấc (Hanoi [˦˥], Saigon [˦˥])
| ə̀k[5] |
ậc (Hanoi [˩], Saigon [˩])
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