| حرف صحیحs
|
| IPA |
Examples |
English approximation
|
| ʔ
|
anh (pronounced before a vowel)
|
button (glottal stop)
|
| ɓ
|
ba [ʔb]
|
almost like bee
|
| c～tɕ
|
chè (Saigon final [t] after e/i/y [1])
|
cheese (unaspirated)
|
| ɗ
|
đi [ʔd]
|
almost like day
|
| f
|
phở
|
fight
|
| h
|
hàng
|
high
|
| j
|
tây; mai (may follow all vowels but e/i/y [1])
|
yellow
|
| k
|
cô, kem
|
sky
|
| l
|
là
|
low
|
| m
|
mai
|
my
|
| n
|
nam (Saigon final [ŋ] after a/o/u [2])
|
no
|
| ɲ
|
nhà (Saigon final [n] after after e/i/y [1])
|
roughly like singing
|
| ŋ
|
ngam (before a/o/u [2]); nghe (before e/i/y [1])
|
singer
|
| p
|
đáp
|
sport
|
| s
|
xa
|
so
|
| ʂ
|
sao (Hanoi [s])
|
almost like show
|
| t
|
tây (Saigon final [k] after o/u [2])
|
stop
|
| tʰ
|
thầy
|
top
|
| ʈʂ
|
tra [ʈ] (Hanoi c～tɕ)
|
almost like choose (unaspirated)
|
| v
|
về ([j] in informal Southern Vietnamese)
|
van
|
| w
|
câu; oanh (Hanoi initial [ʔw]) (may follow all vowels but a/o/u [2])
|
we
|
| x
|
khô (Saigon [kʰ])
|
loch (Scottish English)
|
| ɣ
|
ga (before a/o/u [2]); ghế (before e/i/y [1])
|
No English equivalent ; amigo in Spanish
|
| z
|
da; già (Saigon [j])
|
zero
|
| ʐ
|
ra (Hanoi [z], Saigon could be [ɹ])
|
almost like pleasure
|
|
| Monophthongs
|
| IPA
|
Examples |
English approximation
|
| ă
|
ăn; anh
|
almost like cut
|
| a
|
ba [3]
|
between cat and father
|
| e
|
về
|
almost like sit
|
| ɛ
|
xe
|
set
|
| ə̆
|
ân; bênh
|
person
|
| ɤ
|
bơ [ɤː]
|
almost like sir (British English)
|
| i
|
khi; quy
|
see
|
| ɯ
|
tư
|
No English equivalent ; unrounded [u]
|
| o
|
cô
|
almost like good
|
| ɔ
|
có; xoong
|
law
|
| u
|
ru
|
too
|
| Diphthongs
|
| IPA
|
Examples |
English approximation
|
| iə
|
viên, bia
|
beer (British English)
|
| ɯə
|
xương, chưa
|
No English equivalent
|
| uə
|
uống, mua
|
sure (British English)
|
| ʷ
|
(see /w/ above)
|
we
|
| Tones
|
| IPA
|
Examples
|
| a ə
|
a (Hanoi [˧], Saigon [˧])
|
| â ə̂
|
à (Hanoi [˨˩], Saigon [˨˩])
|
| ǎ ə̌
|
á (Hanoi [˧˥], Saigon [˧˥])
|
| a᷉ ə᷉[4]
|
ả (Hanoi [˧˩], Saigon [˧˩˧])
|
| ǎˀ ə̌ˀ
|
ã (Hanoi [˧ˀ˥], Saigon [˧˩˧])
|
| âˀ ə̂ˀ
|
ạ (Hanoi [˧ˀ˩ʔ], Saigon [˨˧])
|
| ə́k[5]
|
ấc (Hanoi [˦˥], Saigon [˦˥])
|
| ə̀k[5]
|
ậc (Hanoi [˩], Saigon [˩])
|
|
