معاونت:بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد/لومبارد

حرف صحیحs
معاونت:با ابجدیہ	Examples	English approximation
[[\|b]]	(WL) biott, dubbi, (EL) biót, döbe	bud
[[\|d]]	(WL) lader, drizz, (EL) làder, drécc	day
[[\|dz]]	(WL) mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter^[1]^[2]^[3]	cods
[[\|dʒ]]	(WL) veggia, gent, giovin, resgiô, lecc grand, (EL) ègia, regiùr^[1]^[4]	juice
[[\|f]]	(WL) boffà, oeuv, (EL) bofà, öf^[1]	fit
[[\|ɡ]]	(WL) gatt, bagaj, (EL) gat, bagài	good
[[\|h]]	(EL) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pès^[3]^[5]	ham
[[\|k]]	(WL) can, marches, foeugh, (EL) cà, marchés, föch^[1]	sky
[[\|l]]	lacc, caròtola, (WL) ballon, vioeula, (EL) balù, viöla, pedriöl^[6]	lock
[[\|m]]	(WL) mes'cià, (EL) mes-cià, campiù^[7]^[8]	maid
[[\|ɱ]]	(EL) banfà, convegnì^[7]^[8]	triumph
[[\|n]]	nòcc, (WL) danee, (EL) danér, cantù, sentì^[7]^[8]	den
[[\|ŋ]]	(EL) ànga, mànche^[7]^[8]	long
[[\|ɲ]]	(WL) gnucca, legn, (EL) gnöca, lègn, àzegn^[8]	opinion
[[\|p]]	(WL) piasè, goeubb, (EL) piasér, gòp^[1]	spite
[[\|r]]	(WL) roeuda, porscell, corr, caròtola, vioeula, (EL) röda, porsèl, cór^[6]	trilled r
[[\|s]]	(WL) pressident, sora, dis, zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, scova, (EL) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pès, scùa^[1]^[2]^[3]	same
[[\|ʃ]]	(WL) pesciada, scigolla, pesg, scenna, scova, (EL) scéna^[1]^[9]	shame
[[\|t]]	(WL) todesch, giald, (EL) todèsch, zalt^[1]	stay
[[\|ts]]	(WL) zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, (EL) söcher, lensöl, casöla, mès, dersèt^[1]^[2]^[3]	pets
[[\|tʃ]]	(WL) mas'c, vegg, ciocca, cinch, cent, tucc trii, (EL) mascc, ècc, ciòca, lesiù^[1]^[5]	chain
[[\|ʋ]]	(WL) violin, el vent, cavej, on pò de vent, (EL) viulì, ol vènt^[1]^[10]	between wet and vet
[[\|z]]	desmentegà, (WL) basell, s'gionf, mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter, (EL) bazèl, sgiónf, mezalüna, rözà, mès méter, zét, zùen, rezùr^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]	zone
[[\|ʒ]]	(WL) resgiô, desmentegà^[1]^[4]	vision
Non-native consonants
[[\|ʎ]]	(WL) botteglia, (EL) butìglia	million

Semivowels
معاونت:با ابجدیہ	Examples	English approximation
[[\|j]]	(WL) piatt, tajà, mej, lezion, (EL) piàt, taià, mèi, lècc grant, töcc tré^[1]	yes
[[\|w]]	(WL) aqua, sguerc, s'ciao, (EL) àqua, sguèrs	way

مصوتs^[11]
معاونت:با ابجدیہ	Examples	English approximation
Short vowels
[[\|a]]	abità, (WL) mamma, Bressa, perchè, semper,^[12] (EL) mama, Brèsa, cantù, pader, lombard, nacc, ach, italià^[13]	manner (Scotland)
[[\|e]]	pelà, perchè, (WL) semper, cortellin, elencà, elettrega, vedemm, besògn,^[12] (EL) envéren, méter, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, dét, prensépe, isé, prém, mel, dré, seré, décc, énte^[14]	bay
[[\|ɛ]]	(WL) regn, adess, invern, metter, savè, domènega, (EL) règn, adès, pelà, perchè, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, prensépe, setèmber^[14]	bed
[[\|i]]	(WL) inscì, primm, Milan, elettrega, vedemm, besògn,^[12] (EL) curtilì, saì, dümìnica, Milà, simpàtech, finìcc, cunusìcc, mìa, giardì	beet, but shorter
[[\|o]]	(EL) s-ciào, Cóm, cólda, ólter, ólta, póch, conós, óst, modéren, colùr, popolasiù, compàgn, piemontés, ciót, faró, alóra, próa, segónt^[15]	law (RP), but shorter
[[\|ɔ]]	(WL) nòmm, anmò, Còmm, oeuli, vòlta, pocch, cognoss, (EL) nòm, amò, mama, Brèsa^[13]^[15]	off
[[\|œ]]	(WL) oeugg	bird (RP), but shorter
[[\|ø]]	(EL) öcc, öle, töarà, cöcömer, pröa, töcc, piö, löster, cöntà, encö, zöga, löna, scör, cönt, öndes^[15]	bird (RP), but shorter
[[\|u]]	(WL) agost, modern, pocch, cognoss, sô, color, popolazion, comun, tovarà, cocumer, (EL) sul, culùr, pupulasiù, piemuntés, cumpuzisiù, alùra, amùr, put, nasiù	cool, but shorter
[[\|y]]	(WL) tucc, pussee, luster, comunicazion, busecca, (EL) lüna, scür, cümü, büzèca	foot (Scotland)
Short nasal vowels^[8]
[[\|ã]]	(WL) banfà, campion, canton	sang (Scotland)
[[\|ẽ]]	(WL) sentì, asen, venditor	sang (Southern U.S.)
[[\|ĩ]]	(WL) prinzipi, simpategh	ring
[[\|ũ]]	(WL) compagn, piemontes, composizion, convegnì	no English equivalent; nasalized /u/
[[\|ỹ]]	(WL) cuntà	no English equivalent; nasalized /y/
Long vowels
[[\|ɑː]]	(WL) pader, lombard, andaa, calda, alter	father
[[\|eː]]	(WL) mel, dree	bay
[[\|iː]]	(WL) dii, prinzipi, finii	beet
[[\|oː]]	(WL) calda, alter, oeuli, vòlta^[15]	law (RP)
[[\|uː]]	(WL) ciod, faroo, alora, amor	cool
[[\|øː]]	(WL) proeuva, incoeu, oeuli, vòlta^[15]	bird (RP)
[[\|yː]]	(WL) giuga, luna, scur, cuu, cognossuu	few (Scotland)
Long nasal vowels^[8]
[[\|ɑ̃ː]]	(WL) vanga, manchi, anca, italian	sang (Scotland)
[[\|ẽː]]	(WL) settember, seren	sang (Southern U.S.)
[[\|ĩː]]	(WL) dinc, vint, minga, giardin	no English equivalent; nasalized /iː/
[[\|ũː]]	(WL) segond, pont, nazion	no English equivalent; nasalized /uː/
[[\|ỹː]]	(WL) cunt, vundes, comun	no English equivalent; nasalized /yː/

بین الاقوامی صوتیاتی ابجد
معاونت:با ابجدیہ	Examples	Explanation
[[\|ˈ]]	(WL) insemma [ĩˈsɛma], (EL) ensèma [ɛnˈsɛma]	primary stress
[[\|ˌ]]	(WL) tirabuscion [ˌti(ː)rabyˈʃũː], (EL) tirabosù [ˌtiraboˈsu]	secondary stress
[[\|.]]	(WL) sciador [ʃi.aˈduːr], (EL) sciadùr [ʃi.aˈdur]	syllable break
[[\|ː]]	(WL) tròpp dolz [ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːul(t)s], (EL) tròp dóls [ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːols]^[3]	geminated consonant

نوٹس ترمیم

^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ ^ث ^ج ^چ ^ح ^خ ^د ^ڈ ^ذ ^ر Lombard shares with a number of languages final devoicing of obstruents, as well as final voicing of normally devoiced consonants (except stops) immediately before other voiced or nasal consonants: e.g. Western pesg d'inscì [ˌpeːʒ dĩˈʃi], Eastern pès d'isé [ˌpɛz diˈse]; in such cases, word-final /dz/, /dʒ/, /tʃ/ and /ts/ may reduce to, respectively, [z], [ʒ], [ʃ], [s] in the West, while in the East /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ are generally realized as [j].
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت /dz/ and /ts/ only contrast with /z/ and /s/ in some Western dialects.
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ ^ث Complete regressive assimilation at word boundaries is common in regular speech: it occurs between a final occlusive and the initial consonant of the following word. In such instances, /z/ becomes [dz] and [h] turns back to [s].
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ /ʒ/ is only phonemically distinctive in a few areas of Western Lombardy: everywhere else it is realized as [dʒ] or (certain Eastern dialects) [z]. Note that [ʒ] may also be an allophonic rendering of preconsonantal /z/ in dialects such as Comasco.
^ ^ا ^ب In some Eastern variants, /s/ is pronounced [h], which leads the /s(t)j/ cluster to be realized as [htʃ] or, after a consonant, [tʃ].
^ ^ا ^ب Western Lombard generally drops word-final /l/ after a long vowel (e.g. pedrioeu [pedriˈøː] vs Eastern pedriöl [pedriˈøl]). In addition, its Northern dialects rhotacized Latin non-geminate /l/ in all (semi)vowel-internal instances (e.g. [ˈskʰɔla] → [ˈskøːra]; compare [ˈbʊlːa] → [ˈbula]).
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت In dialects that feature syllable-final nasals, assimilation to the following consonant always takes place, even when in an ending nasal+stop cluster, the stop is dropped before another one (e.g. Eastern guànt biànch [ˌɡwam ˈbjaŋk], Western guant bianch [ˌɡwãː ˈbjãːk]).
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ ^ث ^ج Only the Western varieties feature nasal vowels, as the realization of a vowel followed by a phonemic nasal consonant within a ہجا (e.g. Western temp [ˈtẽːp] vs Eastern tép [ˈtep]), the only exceptions being word-final vowels followed by a nasal other than /n/ and word-final stressed short vowels plus /n/: these are the nearly sole cases which in Eastern Lombard have the same realization (e.g. Western Giovann [dʒuˈʋan], Eastern Gioàn [dʒoˈan]; compare Milan [miˈlãː] vs Milà [miˈla]). All stressed nasal vowels are long, and in Eastern dialects are always rendered through a vowel alone word-finally and, sometimes, word-internally.
↑ In Eastern dialects /ʃ/ may only occur in foreign borrowings, along with /ʎ/.
↑ Compare Eastern Lombard postvocalic /v/-dropping: caèi [kaˈɛj], on pò de ènt [om ˈpɔ de ˈɛnt].
↑ Only in Western Lombard, though few minimal pairs actually occur, vowel length is صوتیہ (with long vowels solely appearing in stressed position), while in Eastern dialects the same contrast tends to be expressed through مصوت or other means (e.g. Western god [ˈɡuːt] "he/she enjoys" vs gott [ˈgut] "drops", Eastern gót [ˈɡot] vs góte [ˈɡotɛ]).
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ In some north Western dialects, unstressed /e/ of some words is [a], in others [i].
^ ^ا ^ب Final rounding of unstressed /a/ to [ɔ] is possible in Eastern dialects.
^ ^ا ^ب Eastern unstressed /e/ is pronounced either high-mid [e] or low-mid [ɛ].
^ ^ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ [oː] is a north Western rendering of certain occurrences of stressed /ɔ/ (alterning with [øː] in other realizations), /ɑː/ (both corresponding to /o/ in the East), and of /øː/ (alterning with [ɔ] in other realizations and equivalent to Eastern /ø/).

بیرونی روابط ترمیم

Giovanni Bonfadini۔ "lombardi, dialetti" [Lombard dialects]۔ Enciclopedia Treccani

[dev-1] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ ^ث ^ج ^چ ^ح ^خ ^د ^ڈ ^ذ ^ر Lombard shares with a number of languages final devoicing of obstruents, as well as final voicing of normally devoiced consonants (except stops) immediately before other voiced or nasal consonants: e.g. Western pesg d'inscì [ˌpeːʒ dĩˈʃi], Eastern pès d'isé [ˌpɛz diˈse]; in such cases, word-final /dz/, /dʒ/, /tʃ/ and /ts/ may reduce to, respectively, [z], [ʒ], [ʃ], [s] in the West, while in the East /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ are generally realized as [j].

[z-2] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت /dz/ and /ts/ only contrast with /z/ and /s/ in some Western dialects.

[gem-3] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ ^ث Complete regressive assimilation at word boundaries is common in regular speech: it occurs between a final occlusive and the initial consonant of the following word. In such instances, /z/ becomes [dz] and [h] turns back to [s].

[ʒ-4] ا ^ب ^پ /ʒ/ is only phonemically distinctive in a few areas of Western Lombardy: everywhere else it is realized as [dʒ] or (certain Eastern dialects) [z]. Note that [ʒ] may also be an allophonic rendering of preconsonantal /z/ in dialects such as Comasco.

[Brèsa-5] ا ^ب In some Eastern variants, /s/ is pronounced [h], which leads the /s(t)j/ cluster to be realized as [htʃ] or, after a consonant, [tʃ].

[WesternL-6] ا ^ب Western Lombard generally drops word-final /l/ after a long vowel (e.g. pedrioeu [pedriˈøː] vs Eastern pedriöl [pedriˈøl]). In addition, its Northern dialects rhotacized Latin non-geminate /l/ in all (semi)vowel-internal instances (e.g. [ˈskʰɔla] → [ˈskøːra]; compare [ˈbʊlːa] → [ˈbula]).

[nasassim-7] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت In dialects that feature syllable-final nasals, assimilation to the following consonant always takes place, even when in an ending nasal+stop cluster, the stop is dropped before another one (e.g. Eastern guànt biànch [ˌɡwam ˈbjaŋk], Western guant bianch [ˌɡwãː ˈbjãːk]).

[nasal-8] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ ^ث ^ج Only the Western varieties feature nasal vowels, as the realization of a vowel followed by a phonemic nasal consonant within a ہجا (e.g. Western temp [ˈtẽːp] vs Eastern tép [ˈtep]), the only exceptions being word-final vowels followed by a nasal other than /n/ and word-final stressed short vowels plus /n/: these are the nearly sole cases which in Eastern Lombard have the same realization (e.g. Western Giovann [dʒuˈʋan], Eastern Gioàn [dʒoˈan]; compare Milan [miˈlãː] vs Milà [miˈla]). All stressed nasal vowels are long, and in Eastern dialects are always rendered through a vowel alone word-finally and, sometimes, word-internally.

[9] In Eastern dialects /ʃ/ may only occur in foreign borrowings, along with /ʎ/.

[10] Compare Eastern Lombard postvocalic /v/-dropping: caèi [kaˈɛj], on pò de ènt [om ˈpɔ de ˈɛnt].

[vowels-11] Only in Western Lombard, though few minimal pairs actually occur, vowel length is صوتیہ (with long vowels solely appearing in stressed position), while in Eastern dialects the same contrast tends to be expressed through مصوت or other means (e.g. Western god [ˈɡuːt] "he/she enjoys" vs gott [ˈgut] "drops", Eastern gót [ˈɡot] vs góte [ˈɡotɛ]).

[parchè-12] ا ^ب ^پ In some north Western dialects, unstressed /e/ of some words is [a], in others [i].

[aɔ-13] ا ^ب Final rounding of unstressed /a/ to [ɔ] is possible in Eastern dialects.

[prensépe-14] ا ^ب Eastern unstressed /e/ is pronounced either high-mid [e] or low-mid [ɛ].

[coolt-15] ا ^ب ^پ ^ت ^ٹ [oː] is a north Western rendering of certain occurrences of stressed /ɔ/ (alterning with [øː] in other realizations), /ɑː/ (both corresponding to /o/ in the East), and of /øː/ (alterning with [ɔ] in other realizations and equivalent to Eastern /ø/).

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د ب ت آئی پی اے کلید
افریکانز البانوی امہری عربی مصری حجازی تونسی آرامی آرمینیائی آسامی آستوریائی آسٹریلوی زبانیں آزربائیجانی باسک بیلاروسی بنگالی بربر بریٹن بلغاری برمی کاتالان چینی مینڈارن کینٹنی تائیوانی ہاکیئن کارسیکائی چیک اورسلوواک ڈینش فارسی دوتھراکی ڈچ انگریزی انگریزی لہجات قدیم انگریزی اسپرانتو استونیائی اکستریمادوری فجی فنش فرانکو-پروینسال فرانسیسی فریسی زاترلانڈ مغربی گالیسیائی ترکمان جارجیائی جرمن جرمن المانی یونانی گوارانی گجراتی ہیٹی کریول ہوائی عبرانی ہندی مجارستانی آئس لینڈی مالے انوکٹیٹوٹ انوپیاک آئرش اطالوی جاپانی خودئیو-ہسپانوی کنڑا کیرن کشمیری قازق خمیر کلینگون کوریائی کؤری-وینی کردی لاؤ لاطینی لیٹویائی لاز لتھووینیائی معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ/لگژمبرگی مقدونیائی مالاگاسی مالے ملیالم مالٹی مانچو مینکس ماوری مارشلی مایائی منگرلیئن منگولی میراندی ناواتال ناواہو ناپولی نیپالی شمالی تھائی نارویجن آکسیٹان اڑیہ اورومو اوسیشیائی فارسی پولش پرتگیزی پنجابی کیچوا ریپواری کولونی رومانیائی رومانش روسی سنسکرت کلاسیکی ساردینیائی سکاٹش گیلک سربی کروشیائی شان سلوواک سلووین ہسپانوی سوان سواحلی سوازی سونسکا تگالوگ تائی لو تاجک تمل تھائی تبتی تیگرینیا ترکی ترکمان یوکرینی وینسی ویتنامی والون واندامین ویلزی نگونی یدیش زولو
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