صارف:امین اکبر/صفحات/زیر تکمیل


صفحۂ صارف	تبادلۂ خیال	صفحات/نوٹس	شماریات	ذیلی صفحات	مہر دوستاں	برقی ڈاک	روبہ جات

جدول فہرست مضامین

اجتماعی پیغام رسانی کا فارم

واقعات

404 – Telemachus, a Christian monk, is killed for attempting to stop a gladiators' fight in the public arena held in Rome.
414 – Galla Placidia, half-sister of Emperor Honorius, is married to the Visigothic king Ataulf at Narbonne. The wedding is celebrated with Roman festivities and magnificent gifts from the Gothic booty.
417 – Emperor Honorius forces Galla Placidia into marriage to Constantius, his famous general (magister militum).
1001 – Grand Prince Stephen I of Hungary is named the first King of Hungary by Pope Sylvester II.
1068 – Romanos IV Diogenes marries Eudokia Makrembolitissa and is crowned Byzantine Emperor.
1259 – Michael VIII Palaiologos is proclaimed co-emperor of the Empire of Nicaea with his ward John IV Laskaris.
1438 – Albert II of Habsburg is crowned King of Hungary.
1502 – The present-day location of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is first explored by the Portuguese.
1515 – King Francis I of France succeeds to the French throne.
1527 – Croatian nobles elect Ferdinand I of Austria as King of Croatia in the Parliament on Cetin.
1600 – Scotland begins its numbered year on January 1 instead of March 25.
1651 – Charles II is crowned King of Scotland.
1700 – Russia begins using the Anno Domini era and no longer uses the Anno Mundi era of the Byzantine Empire.
1707 – John V is crowned King of Portugal.
1739 – Bouvet Island is discovered by French explorer Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier.
1772 – The first traveler's cheques, which can be used in 90 European cities, go on sale in London, England.
1773 – The hymn that became known as "Amazing Grace", then titled "1 Chronicles 17:16–17" is first used to accompany a sermon led by John Newton in the town of Olney, England.
1776 – American Revolutionary War: Norfolk, Virginia is burned by combined Royal Navy and Continental Army action.
1781 – American Revolutionary War: One thousand five hundred soldiers of the 6th Pennsylvania Regiment under General Anthony Wayne's command rebel against the Continental Army's winter camp in Morristown, New Jersey in the Pennsylvania Line Mutiny of 1781.
1788 – First edition of The Times of London, previously The Daily Universal Register, is published.
1801 – The legislative union of Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland is completed to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
1801 – The dwarf planet Ceres is discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi.
1803 – Emperor Gia Long orders all bronze wares of the Tây Sơn dynasty to be collected and melted into nine cannons for the Royal Citadel in Huế, Vietnam.
1804 – French rule ends in Haiti. Haiti becomes the first black republic and second independent country in North America after the United States
1806 – The French Republican Calendar is abolished.
1808 – The importation of slaves into the United States is banned.
1810 – Major-General Lachlan Macquarie officially becomes Governor of New South Wales
1812 – The Bishop of Durham, Shute Barrington, orders troops from Durham Castle to break up a miners' strike in Chester-le-Street, Co. Durham
1822 – The Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus.
1833 – The United Kingdom claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands.
1845 – The Cobble Hill Tunnel in Brooklyn, New York City is completed.
1847 – The world's first "Mercy" Hospital is founded in Pittsburgh by the Sisters of Mercy; the name will go on to grace over 30 major hospitals throughout the world.
1860 – First Polish stamp is issued.
1861 – Porfirio Díaz conquers Mexico City, Mexico.
1863 – American Civil War: The Emancipation Proclamation takes effect in Confederate territory.
1863 – The first claim under the Homestead Act is made by Daniel Freeman for a farm in Nebraska.
1871 – Adolf Loos, architect, co-founder of modern architecture, baptized in St. Thomas church, Brno, Moravia
1873 – Japan begins using the Gregorian calendar.
1877 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom is proclaimed Empress of India.
1881 – Ferdinand de Lesseps begins French construction of the Panama Canal.
1885 – Twenty-five nations adopt Sandford Fleming's proposal for standard time (and also, time zones)
1890 – Eritrea is consolidated into a colony by the Italian government.
1890 – The Rose Parade in Pasadena, California, is first held.
1892 – Ellis Island opens to begin processing immigrants into the United States.
1894 – The Manchester Ship Canal, is officially opened to traffic.
1898 – New York, New York annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York. The four initial boroughs, Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and The Bronx, are joined on January 25 by Staten Island to create the modern city of five boroughs.
1899 – Spanish rule ends in Cuba.
1901 – Nigeria becomes a British protectorate.
1901 – The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia; Edmund Barton is appointed the first Prime Minister.
1902 – The first American college football bowl game, the Rose Bowl between Michigan and Stanford, is held in Pasadena, California.
1906 – British India officially adopts Indian Standard Time.
1908 – For the first time, a ball is dropped in New York City's Times Square to signify the start of the New Year at midnight.
1909 – Drilling begins on the Lakeview Gusher.
1910 – Captain David Beatty is promoted to Rear admiral, and becomes the youngest admiral in the Royal Navy (except for Royal family members), since Horatio Nelson.
1911 – Northern Territory is separated from South Australia and transferred to Commonwealth control.
1912 – The Republic of China is established.
1913 – The British Board of Censors is established.
1916 – German troops abandon Yaoundé and their Kamerun colony to British forces and begin the long march to Spanish Guinea.
1920 – The Belorussian Communist Organisation is founded as a separate party.
1923 – Britain's Railways are grouped into the Big Four: LNER, GWR, SR, and LMS.
1927 – The Cristero War begins in Mexico.
1927 – Turkey adopts the Gregorian calendar: December 18, 1926 (Julian), is immediately followed by January 1, 1927 (Gregorian).
1928 – Boris Bazhanov defects through Iran. He is the only assistant of Joseph Stalin's secretariat to have defected from the Eastern Bloc.
1929 – The former municipalities of Point Grey, British Columbia and South Vancouver, British Columbia are amalgamated into Vancouver.
1932 – The United States Post Office Department issues a set of 12 stamps commemorating the 200th anniversary of George Washington's birth.
1934 – Alcatraz Island becomes a United States federal prison.
1934 – Nazi Germany passes the "Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring".
1937 – Safety glass in vehicle windscreens becomes mandatory in the United Kingdom.
1939 – Sydney, Australia, swelters in 45 ˚C (113 ˚F) heat, a record for the city.
1942 – The Declaration by United Nations is signed by twenty-six nations.
1945 – World War II: In retaliation for the Malmedy massacre, U.S. troops massacre 60 German POWs at Chenogne.
1945 – World War II: The German Luftwaffe launches Operation Bodenplatte, a massive, but failed attempt to knock out Allied air power in northern Europe in a single blow.
1947 – The American and British occupation zones in Germany, after World War II, merge to form the Bizone, which later (with the French zone) became part of West Germany.
1947 – The Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 comes into effect, converting British subjects into Canadian citizens. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King becomes the first Canadian citizen.
1948 – The British railway network is nationalized to form British Railways.
1948 – The Constitution of Italy comes into force.
1949 – United Nations cease-fire takes effect in Kashmir from one minute before midnight. War between India and Pakistan stops accordingly.
1949 –Tokelau becomes part of New Zealand.
1950 – Standard practice uses this day as the origin of the age scale Before Present
1954 – NBC makes the first coast-to-coast NTSC color broadcast when it telecast the Tournament of Roses Parade, with public demonstrations given across the United States on prototype color receivers.
1956 – Sudan achieves independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom.
1956 – A new year event causes panic and stampedes at Yahiko Shrine, Yahiko, Niigata, Japan, killing at least 124 people.
1957 – George Town, Penang becomes a city by a royal charter granted by Elizabeth II.
1957 – An Irish Republican Army (IRA) unit attacks Brookeborough RUC barracks during Operation Harvest; two IRA volunteers killed.
1958 – The European Economic Community is established.
1959 – Fulgencio Batista, dictator of Cuba, is overthrown by Fidel Castro's forces during the Cuban Revolution.
1960 – Cameroon achieves independence from France and the United Kingdom.
1962 – Western Samoa achieves independence from New Zealand; its name is changed to the Independent State of Western Samoa.
1962 – United States Navy SEALs established.
1964 – The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is divided into the independent republics of Zambia and Malawi, and the British-controlled Rhodesia.
1965 – The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan is founded in Kabul, Afghanistan.
1966 – A twelve-day New York City transit strike begins.
1966 – After a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa assumes power as president of the Central African Republic.
1966 – 2 Garuda Indonesia Airways (GIA) Dakota DC-3 airplanes, PK-GDU dan PK-GDE, collided airborne during landing approach to Palembang airport and crashed in mangrove swamps forest outside Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia. No survivor.
1970 – Unix time begins at 00:00:00 UTC/GMT.
1971 – Cigarette advertisements are banned on American television.
1971 – Hellenic Railways Organisation, the Greek national railway company, is founded.
1973 – Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Ireland are admitted into the European Economic Community.
1977 – Charter 77 published its first document.
1978 – Air India Flight 855 Boeing 747 crashes into the sea, due to instrument failure and pilot disorientation, off the coast of Bombay, India, killing 213.
1978 – The Constitution of the Northern Mariana Islands becomes effective.
1979 – Formal diplomatic relations are established between China and the United States.
1980 – Victoria is crowned princess of Sweden.
1981 – Greece is admitted into the European Community.
1981 – Palau achieves self-government though it is not independent from the United States.
1982 – Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar becomes the first Latin American to hold the title of Secretary-General of the United Nations.
1983 – The ARPANET officially changes to using the Internet Protocol, creating the Internet.
1984 – The original American Telephone & Telegraph Company is divested of its 22 Bell System companies as a result of the settlement of the 1974 United States Department of Justice antitrust suit against AT&T.
1984 – Brunei becomes independent of the United Kingdom.
1984 – Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (SHIA, Code: CGK) serving Jakarta, Indonesia, is officially opened.
1985 – The first British mobile phone call is made by Michael Harrison to his father Sir Ernest Harrison, chairman of Vodafone.
1986 – Aruba becomes independent of Curaçao, though it remains in free association with the Netherlands.
1986 – Spain and Portugal are admitted into the European Community.
1987 – A value-added tax is introduced in Greece for the first time.
1988 – The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America comes into existence, creating the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States.
1989 – The Montreal Protocol comes into force, stopping the use of chemicals contributing to ozone depletion.
1990 – David Dinkins is sworn in as New York City's first black mayor.
1993 – Dissolution of Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovakia is divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
1993 – A single market within the European Community is introduced.
1994 – The Zapatista Army of National Liberation initiates twelve days of armed conflict in the Mexican state of Chiapas.
1994 – The North American Free Trade Agreement comes into effect.
1995 – The World Trade Organization goes into effect.
1995 – Sweden, Austria, and Finland are admitted into the European Union.
1995 – The Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe becomes the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
1995 – The Draupner wave in the North Sea in Norway is detected, confirming the existence of freak waves.
1996 – Curaçao gains limited self-government, though it remains within free association with the Netherlands.
1997 – Zaire officially joins the World Trade Organization.
1997 – Ghanaian diplomat Kofi Annan is appointed Secretary-General of the United Nations.
1998 – Russia begins to circulate new rubles to stem inflation and promote confidence.
1998 – The European Central Bank is established.
1999 – The Euro currency is introduced in 11 countries – members of the European Union (with the exception of the United Kingdom, Denmark, Greece and Sweden).
2002 – Euro banknotes and coins become legal tender in twelve of the European Union's member states.
2002 – Taiwan officially joins the World Trade Organization, as Chinese Taipei.
2002 – The Open Skies mutual surveillance treaty, initially signed in 1992, officially comes into force.
2004 – In a vote of confidence, General Pervez Musharraf wins 658 out of 1,170 votes in the Electoral College of Pakistan, and according to Article 41(8) of the Constitution of Pakistan, is "deemed to be elected" to the office of President until October 2007.
2007 – Bulgaria and Romania officially join the European Union. Slovenia joins Eurozone.
2007 – Adam Air Flight 574 disappears over Sulawesi Strait, Indonesia with 102 people on board.
2008 – Cyprus and Malta join the Eurozone.
2009 – Sixty-six people die in a nightclub fire in Bangkok, Thailand.
2009 – Slovakia joins the Eurozone.
2010 – A suicide car bomber detonates at a volleyball tournament in Lakki Marwat, Pakistan, killing 105 and injuring 100 more.
2011 – A bomb explodes as Coptic Christians in Alexandria, Egypt, leave a new year service, killing 23 people.
2011 – The Kallikratis plan becomes the new administrative system of Greece.
2011 – Estonia becomes the 17th member of the Eurozone.
2012 – A Moldovan civilian is fatally wounded by a Russian peacekeeper in the Transnistrian security zone, leading to demonstrations against Russia.
2013 – At least 60 people are killed and 200 injured in a stampede after celebrations at Félix Houphouët-Boigny Stadium in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
1960ء - اسوان بند کی تعمیر کا آغاز ہوا۔
1992ء - متحدہ قومی موومنٹ کے بانی و قائد الطاف حسین نے برطانیہ کے شہر لندن میں جلا وطنی اختیار کر لی۔
1998ء - رفیق تارڑ پاکستان کے صدر منتخب ہو گئے۔
630ء حضرت محمدصلی اللہ علیہ وآلہ وسلم مکہ کی جانب اپنے جانثاروں کے ساتھ فیصلہ کن معرکہ کے لئے روانہ ہوئے(جہاں انہوں نے بغیر کسی خون خرابے کے فتح حاصل کی) ^[1]
2007ء بلغاریہ اور رومانیہ کی یورپی یونین میں شمولیت .^[1]
1985ء انٹرنیٹ کا ڈومین نام سسٹم تخلیق کی گیا^[1]
1985ء برطانیہ میں موبائل فون کی پہلی کال ووڈا فون سے ملائی گئی ^[1]
1983ء ارپانیٹ باضابطہ طور پر انٹرنیٹ پروٹوکول(انٹرنیٹ) میں تبدیل ہوئی ^[1]
1956ء سوڈان میں مصر اور برطانیہ کے مشترکہ راج کا خاتمہ ^[1]
1948ء تقسیم ہند کے بعد بھارت نے پاکستان کوواجب الاداپانچ سو پچاس ملین روپے دینے سے انکار کردیا ^[1]
1945ء فرانس کی اقوام متحدہ میں شمولیت ^[1]
1906ء برٹش انڈیا میں معیاری وقت کا نفاذ عمل میں آیا ^[1]
1899ء کیوبا سے اسپینی تسلط کا خاتمہ ہوا ^[1]
2014ء - لٹویا نے سرکاری طور پر یورو کرنسی کو اپنایا اور اٹھارواں یوروزون ملک بن گیا۔
2014 – Asteroid 2014 AA impacts the Earth over the Atlantic Ocean.
2015 –۔یوروشین اکنامک یونین کا قیام عمل میں آیا۔ Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan اور Kyrgyzstan کے درمیان سیاسی اور معاشی یونین ہے۔
2015 –۔Lithuania یوروزون کا 19واں رکن بن گیا۔
2016 –کو دی ایڈریس ڈاؤن ٹاؤن دوبئی میں 2015 کے اختتام پر نئے سال کی رات کو آدھی رات کےوقت آگ بھڑک اٹھی۔ آگ کی وجوہات معلوم نہیں ہو سکیں۔ اس حادثے میں ایک شخص ہلاک ہوگیا۔

مضوعات

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Study Feilds

acarology-- study of mites accidence-- grammar book; science of inflections in grammar aceology-- therapeutics acology -- study of medical remedies acoustics -- science of sound adenology -- study of glands aedoeology -- science of generative organs aerobiology -- study of airborne organisms aerodonetics-- science or study of gliding aerodynamics -- dynamics of gases; science of movement in a flow of air or gas bacteriology -- study of bacteria balneology -- the science of the therapeutic use of baths barodynamics-- science of the support and mechanics of bridges barology-- study of gravitation batology-- the study of brambles bibliology-- study of books bibliotics-- study of documents to determine authenticity bioecology-- study of interaction of life in the environment biology -- study of life biometrics-- study of biological measurement bionomics-- study of organisms interacting in their environments botany-- study of plants bromatology -- study of food brontology -- scientific study of thunder campanology-- the art of bell ringing carcinology-- study of crabs and other crustaceans cardiology-- study of the heart caricology-- study of sedges carpology -- study of fruit cartography -- the science of making maps and globes cartophily-- the hobby of collecting cigarette cards castrametation -- the art of designing a camp catacoustics--science of echoes or reflected sounds catalactics-- science of commercial exchange catechectics -- the art of teaching by question and answer cetology -- study of whales and dolphins chalcography-- the art of engraving on copper or brass chalcotriptics-- art of taking rubbings from ornamental brasses chaology -- the study of chaos or chaos theory characterology -- study of development of character chemistry-- study of properties of substances chirocosmetics-- beautifying the hands; art of manicure diabology-- study of devils diagraphics-- art of making diagrams or drawings dialectology -- study of dialects dioptrics -- study of light refraction diplomatics -- science of deciphering ancient writings and texts diplomatology-- study of diplomats docimology-- the art of assaying dosiology-- the study of doses dramaturgy -- art of producing and staging dramatic works E to I Egyptology-- study of ancient Egypt ekistics-- study of human settlement electrochemistry-- study of relations between electricity and chemicals electrology -- study of electricity electrostatics-- study of static electricity embryology-- study of embryos emetology -- study of vomiting emmenology -- the study of menstruation endemiology-- study of local diseases endocrinology-- study of glands enigmatology-- study of enigmas entomology-- study of insects entozoology-- study of parasites that live inside larger organisms enzymology-- study of enzymes ephebiatrics-- branch of medicine dealing with adolescence epidemiology-- study of diseases; epidemics fluviology -- study of watercourses folkloristics-- study of folklore and fables futurology-- study of future garbology-- study of garbage gastroenterology -- study of stomach; intestines gastronomy-- study of fine dining gemmology-- study of gems and jewels genealogy-- study of descent of families genesiology-- study of reproduction and heredity genethlialogy-- the art of casting horoscopes geochemistry-- study of chemistry of the earth's crust geochronology--- study of measuring geological time geogeny-- science of the formation of the earth's crust geogony-- study of formation of the earth geography-- study of surface of the earth and its inhabitants geology -- study of earth's crust geomorphogeny-- study of the origins of land forms geoponics-- study of Agriculture hydrography-- study of investigating bodies of water hydrokinetics-- study of motion of fluids hydrology-- study of water resources hydrometeorology-- study of atmospheric moisture hydropathy -- study of treating diseases with water hyetology-- science of rainfall hygiastics -- science of health and hygiene hygienics-- study of sanitation; health hygiology-- hygienics; study of cleanliness hygrology-- study of humidity hygrometry -- science of humidity hymnography-- study of writing hymns hymnology -- study of hymns hypnology-- study of sleep; study of hypnosis hypsography-- science of measuring heights iamatology -- study of remedies iatrology-- treatise or text on medical topics; study of medicine iatromathematics-- archaic practice of medicine in conjunction with astrology ichnography-- art of drawing ground plans; a ground plan ichnology-- science of fossilized footprints ichthyology-- study of Fish iconography-- study of drawing symbols iconology-- study of icons; symbols ideogeny-- study of origins of ideas ideology -- science of ideas; system of ideas used to justify behaviour idiomology-- study of idiom, jargon or dialect idiopsychology-- psychology of one's own mind immunogenetics-- study of genetic characteristics of immunity immunology-- study of immunity immunopathology-- study of immunity to disease insectology -- study of insects irenology -- the study of peace K to O koniology -- study of atmospheric pollutants and dust ktenology -- science of putting people to death kymatology -- study of wave motion labeorphily-- collection and study of beer bottle labels larithmics-- study of population statistics laryngology -- study of larynx lepidopterology -- study of butterflies and moths leprology-- study of leprosy lexicology -- study of words and their meanings lexigraphy-- art of definition of words lichenology -- study of lichens limacology-- study of slugs limnobiology-- study of freshwater ecosystems limnology -- study of bodies of fresh water linguistics -- study of language lithology-- malariology study of malaria mammalogy-- study of mammals manÃ¨ge-- the art of horsemanship Mariology-- study of the Virgin Mary martyrology-- study of martyrs mastology-- study of mammals mathematics-- study of magnitude, number, and forms mazology-- mammalogy; study of mammals mechanics -- study of action of force on bodies meconology-- study of or treatise concerning opium melittology -- study of bees mereology-- study of part-whole relationships mesology -- ecology metallogeny-- study of the origin and distribution of metal deposits metallography-- study of the structure and constitution of metals metallurgy-- study of alloying and treating metals nidology -- study of nests nomology-- the science of the laws; especially of the mind noology-- science of the intellect nosology -- study of diseases nostology-- study of senility notaphily-- collecting of bank-notes and cheques numerology -- study of numbers numismatics-- study of coins nymphology-- study of nymphs obstetrics-- study of midwifery oceanography-- study of oceans oceanology -- study of oceans odology -- science of the hypothetical mystical force of od odontology-- study of teeth oenology-- study of wines oikology -- science of housekeeping olfactology-- study of the sense of smell ombrology -- study of rain oncology -- study of tumours oneirology -- study of dreams orthography-- study of spelling orthopterology-- study of cockroaches oryctology -- mineralogy or paleontology osmics-- scientific study of smells osmology-- study of smells and olfactory processes osphresiology-- study of the sense of smell osteology -- study of bones otology -- study of the ear otorhinolaryngology-- study of ear, nose and throat P to T paedology-- study of children paedotrophy-- art of rearing children paidonosology-- study of children's diseases; pediatrics palaeoanthropology-- study of early humans palaeobiology -- study of fossil plants and animals palaeoclimatology-- study of ancient climates palaeolimnology-- study of ancient Fish palaeolimnology-- study of ancient lakes palaeontology-- study of fossils philately-- study of postage stamps philematology -- the act or study of kissing phillumeny-- collecting of matchbox labels philology -- study of ancient texts; historical linguistics philosophy-- science of knowledge or wisdom phoniatrics -- study and correction of speech defects phonology -- study of speech sounds psychology-- study of mind psychopathology-- study of mental illness psychophysics-- study of link between mental and physical processes pteridology -- study of ferns pterylology -- study of distribution of feathers on birds pyretology -- study of fevers pyrgology -- study of towers pyroballogy-- study of artillery pyrography-- study of woodburning quinology -- study of quinine raciology-- study of racial differences radiology-- study of X-rays and their medical applications reflexology-- study of reflexes rhabdology -- knowledge or learning concerning divining rods rhabdology -- art of calculating using numbering rods rheology -- science of the deformation or flow of matter rheumatology-- study of rheumatism rhinology-- study of the nose rhochrematics-- science of inventory management and the movement of products runology -- study of runes sarcology-- study of fleshy parts of the body satanology -- study of the devil scatology-- study of excrement or obscene literature schematonics-- art of using gesture to express tones sciagraphy-- art of shading scripophily -- collection of bond and share certificates sedimentology -- study of sediment seismology -- study of earthquakes selenodesy-- study of the shape and features of the moon selenology-- study of the moon semantics -- study of meaning semantology-- science of meanings of words semasiology-- study of meaning; semantics topology-- study of places and their natural features toponymics-- study of place-names toreutics -- study of artistic work in metal toxicology -- study of poisons toxophily -- love of archery; archery; study of archery traumatology-- study of wounds and their effects tribology -- study of friction and wear between surfaces trichology-- study of hair and its disorders trophology-- study of nutrition tsiganology-- study of gypsies turnery-- art of turning in a lathe typhlology-- study of blindness and the blind typography-- art of printing or using type typology-- study of types of things U to Z ufology-- study of alien spacecraft uranography-- descriptive astronomy and mapping uranology-- study of the heavens; astronomy urbanology-- study of cities urenology-- study of rust molds urology -- study of urine; urinary tract venereology-- study of venereal disease vermeology-- study of worms vexillology-- study of flags victimology-- study of victims vinology -- scientific study of vines and winemaking virology-- study of viruses vitrics-- glassy materials; glassware; study of glassware volcanology -- study of volcanoes vulcanology-- study of volcanoes xylography-- art of engraving on wood xylology -- study of wood zenography-- study of the planet Jupiter zoiatrics-- veterinary surgery zooarchaeology-- study of animal remains of archaeological sites zoochemistry-- chemistry of animals zoogeography-- study of geographic distribution of animals zoogeology -- study of fossil animal remains zoology-- study of animals zoonomy-- animal physiology zoonosology-- study of animal diseases zoopathology-- study of animal diseases zoophysics-- physics of animal bodies zoophysiology -- study of physiology of animals zoophytology-- study of plant-like animals zoosemiotics-- study of animal communication zootaxy-- science of classifying animals zootechnics-- science of breeding animals zygology -- science of joining and fastening zymology -- science of fermentation zymurgy-- branch of chemistry dealing with brewing and distilling

معلوماتی ابواب

کمپنیاں

نامکمل

بھارت

زیر تکمیل

Books of the Bible

مذاہب عالم کے فرقے

یہودی

 عہد نامہ  جدید  (New Testament)کے آ نے تک یہودی تین فرقوں  یعنی  فریسی(Pharisees) ، صدو کی) (Sadducees ا ور عیسیٰنی  (Essenes) میں بٹ  چکے تھے۔

اشعری

مسلمانوں کا ایک کلامی فرقہ جس کی بنیاد ابوالحسن اشعری نے رکھی۔ چالیس سال کی عمر تک اپنے استاد شیخ علی الجبانی معتزلہ کا پیرو رہا مگر بعد میں مسئلہ خلق القرآن پر جو معتزلہ کا بنیادی عقیدہ تھا۔ اپنے استاد کے نظریات سے برگشتہ ہوگیا اور ایک نئے مسلک کی بنیاد ڈالی۔ اس فرقے کا اس دور کے دوسرے فرقوں کے برعکس خیال تھا کہ انسان کچھ مجبور ہے اور کچھ مختار۔ اور یہی مسلک عام مسلمانوں کا تھا۔ ان کے علاوہ دوسرے فرقوں میں معتزلہ انسان کو مختار کل مانتے تھے اور جبریہ مجبور محض۔

اس فرقے نے معتزلہ کی شدید مخالفت کی اور کوئی تین صد کتب لکھیں۔ جن میں سے آج بہت کم موجود ہیں۔ بہت سے مسلمان ان کے گرد جمع ہوگئے۔ خصوصا شافعیوں میں اس فرقے نے بڑی مقبولیت حاصل کی۔ امام غزالی اسی کے مقلدین میں سے تھے۔ ابوالحسن کو علم کلام کا بانی کہنا چاہیے ۔ اس نے مقابل فرقوں کا چراغ گل کردیا۔ بعد میں آنے والے علما نے اُسی کے اقوال کی تشریح کی ہے۔ حنبلیوں میں اُسے قبولیت حاصل نہ ہو سکی۔ غزالی کی تصانیف نے اس فرقے کو بڑی قبولیت بخشی۔

معتزلہ

معتزلہ کے عقائد کے سلسلے میں کہیں کہیں "اشعریہ" اور "ماتریدیہ" کا نام بھی آیا ہے، یہ دونوں کلامی مذہب ہیں اول الذکر امام ابوالحسن اشعری سے منسوب ہے جو پہلے معتزلی تھے اور بعد میں سنی اور شافعی ہو گئے، امام غزالی بھی اشعری ہیں اور احیائے علوم الدین میں انہوں نے اس مذہب کے اصول بڑی تفصیل سے لکھے ہیں، "ماتریدیہ" ابو منصور ماتریدی سے منسوب ہے، یہ اصل میں حنفیہ کا کلامی مذہب ہے، ابو منصور دو واسطوں سے امام ابو یوسف اور امام محمد کے شاگرد تھے۔ علامہ ابن البیاضی کا قول ہے کہ اشعریہ اور ماتریدیہ پچاس مسائل میں باہم مختلف ہیں، ماتریدہ اکثر مسائل میں معتزلہ کے ہم خیال ہیں، عقائد کو پڑھ کر آپ کو معلوم ہو گا کہ آج اکثر علمائے حنفیہ اشاعرہ ہی کے ہم خیال ہیں حالانکہ قدیم زمانہ میں کسی حنفی کا اشعری ہونا بہت تعجب کی نگاہ سے دیکھا جاتا تھا۔ علامہ ابن الاثیر لکھتے ہیں کہ "یہ نہایت عجیب بات ہے کہ کوئی حنفی کلامی مذہب میں اشعری ہو" دیباچہ "مجموعہء تفاسیر ابو مسلم اصفہانی" صفحہ 10

[ معتزلہ (اہل اعتزال) ] --- مصنف بنیامین کیانی المعتزلی

معتزلہ یا اہل اعتزال ایک اسلامی مدرسہ اور مکتبہ۶ فکر ہے جو صحابہ کرام کے دور سے شروع ہوا۔

معتزلہ کوئی فرقہ یا مسلک نہی ہے، بلکہ یہ ایک انٹلکچول اپروچ کا نام ہے جو عقل استعمال کرنے پر توجہ دیتا ہے اور تمام فقہ کے مسلمانوں کو اپنے سائے میں اکھٹا کرتا ہے۔

لہذا معتزلہ کا کوئی جدا فقہ نہی ہے۔

معتزلہ عربی لفظ "عزل" سے آیا ہے اور " اعتزل" جس کے معنی ہے ایک چیز کو چھوڑ دینا یا اس سے ھٹ جانا اور فاصلہ پر رہنا۔

یہ نام اسوقت پڑا جب فتنہ کبری کے وقت صحابہ کرام کے آپس میں اختلافات ہوئے جس کے نتیجے میں انکے درمیان جنگیں ہوئی تو کچھ اکابرین ِ صحابہ نے اس فتنے سے اپنے آپکو دور رکھا اور ترک کیا اور وہ کسی بہی فریق میں شامل نہ ہوئے، جس کے وجھے سے انکا نام "معتزلہ" رکھا گیا یعنی جنھوں نے لڑائی اور جھگڑا ترک کیا۔

اور انمیں حضرت سعد بن ابی وقاص جیسے بڑی بزرگ صحابی بھی تھے۔

پھر کچھ دھائیون بعد جید تابعی حضرت حسن البصری کی مجلس میں ایک شخص کبیرہ گناہ کے مرتکب کے بارے میں دریافت کرنے آیا کہ آیا وہ مؤمن ہے یا کافر اور آخرت میں اسکا کیا حال ھوگا؟ تو حضرت حسن نے ابھی تک جواب نہی دیا تھا کہ انکے شاگرد حضرت واصل بن عطا نے جواب دیا کہ : " وہ شخص ایک درمیانی درجے میں ہے، نہ وہ اس دنیا میں مؤمن ہے نہ کافر ، اگر وہ توبہ کرتا ہے تو مؤمن پلٹتا ہے اور اگر وہ بغیر توبہ کے اس دنیا سے خارج ہوتا ہے تو وہ روز قیامت میں ھمیشہ کیلیئے دوزخ میں داخل ہوگا! "

پھر حضرت واصل اس مجلس سے ھٹ کے مسجد کے دوسرے کونے بیٹھ گیئے اور انکے ساتھ کچھ اور لوگ چلے گیئےاور ایک حلقہ بندی ھوگئی جس پر حضرت حسن نے فرمایا : " اعتزلنا واصل" یعنی : واصل نے تو ھمیں چھوڑ دیا ۔

پھر وہاں سے یہ مکتبہ فکر ایک منظم انداز میں بننا شروع ہوا جو قرآن پاک کو اسلام کی واحد اتھارٹی مانتا تھا اور قرآن کے بعد عقل پر زور دینا اور عقل کا استعمال کرنا! اور اجو آحادیث قرآن سے تصادم نہی کرتی انہے اخذ کیا جاتا ہے لیکن احادیث کو ایمانیات اور تشریعی معاملات میں قبول نہی کیاجاتا!

مختصراً یہ ہے کہ معتزلہ ہر اس مسلمان کو کہتے ہیں جنہون نے تمام قسم کی عداوت جھالتیں اور شرکیات کو ترک کیا اور دین کو عقلی بنیادوں پر سجھا ۔

نوٹس

رومی فرمان روا

گسٹینان دوم (565 تا 574 م)
طبریوس دوم 574 تا 576
موریس 576 تا 583( اسی کے عہد میں نبی کریم ﷺ پیدا ہوئے۔)
فوکس 582 تا 610
ہرکولیس اول610 تا 641 (ہرقل سے آپ ﷺ نے خط بھی لکھا تھا۔)

مصعب بن زبیر

    یہ مصعب بن الزبیر  سیدہ سکینہ  بنت الحسین  کے دوسرے شوہر تھے۔ ان کی ماں الرباب  بنت انیف (بعض نے کرمان بنت انیف بتایا ہے ) اور سیدہ سکینہ کی ماں  الرباب بنت  امرو القیس  دو حقیقی بھائیوں  الحصین و جابر  فرزندان کعب بن علیم  کلبی کی  اولاد  ہونے سے چچیری بہنیں تھیں۔ مصعب  اپنے بھائی  حضرت عبداللہ بن الزبیر  کے نائب کی حیثیت سے  خلیفہ عبد الملک  اموی کے خلاف معرکے میں قتل ہوئے تھے یہ واقعہ، واقعہ کربلا کے دس برس بعد 70 ہجری کا ہے۔ مصعب بڑے شجیع اپنے زمانے کے بڑے  صاحب و جمال  و حسین تھے۔ ان کی زوجیت میں دو قرشیہ خواتین  یعنی سیدہ عائشہ بنت طلحہ  جو حضرت ابوبکر  الصدیق کی نواسی تھیں  اور سیدہ سکینہ  بنت الحسین  تھیں۔  یہ دونوں اپنے زمانے میں  حسن و جمال  و نسوانی  صفات میں یگانہ تھیں۔

کانتا من احسن النساء من ذلک الزمان (البدائیہ و النھایہ جلد 8 صفحہ 319) سیدہ سکینہ سے مصعب کے صلب سے ایک بیٹی تھیں سیدہ عائشہ بنت طلحہ سے دو بیٹے عبداللہ و محمد تھے۔ دیگر ازواج سے مصعب مذکور کے آٹھ بیٹے اور تھے

دیگر

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1959ءمیں مرکزی دارالحکومت کا علاقہ قرار پایا۔ اس کا نام مذہب اسلام کے نام پر اسلام آباد رکھا گیا۔