بانیان مذاہب
قدیم (500 قبل مسیحی سے بیشتر)
ترمیم| نام | مذہب | قومیت | بانی کی زندگی |
|---|---|---|---|
| زرتشت | زرتشتیت | اوستائی زبان ایرانی/آریہ | c. 10th to 6ویں صدی BC[1][n 1] |
| Parshvanatha | The penultimate (23rd) تیرتھنکر in جین مت | بھارتی شہری | 877 ق م – 777 BC[2][3][4][5][6] |
| بخت نصر | built the Etemenanki، established Marduk as the patron deity of بابل | آموری | 6ویں صدی BC[حوالہ درکار] |
| مہاویر | The final (24th) تیرتھنکر in جین مت | ہندوستانی | 599 ق م – 527 BC[7][8][9] |
| گوتم بدھ | بدھ مت | Indian/Nepali | 563 ق م – 483 BC[حوالہ درکار] |
| کنفیوشس | کنفیوشس مت | چینی | 551 ق م – 479 BC[حوالہ درکار] |
| فیثاغورث | فیثاغورثیت | ساموس | fl. 520 BC |
| موزی | مؤیت | چینی | 470 ق م – 390 BC |
| عزرا | ہیکل دوم کی یہودیت[10] | Levite یہودیہ، کاہن |
fl. 459 BC[n 2] |
| Epicurus | Epicureanism | ساموس | fl. 307 BC |
| Zeno of Citium | رواقیت | possibly فونیقیn,[11] albeit a Greek national |
333 ق م – 264 BC |
| Pharnavaz I of Iberia | Armazi | Georgian | 326 ق م – 234 BC |
| Patanjali | Rāja yoga | ہندوستانی | 2nd century BC |
| یسوع مسیح اور حواری | مسیحیت | Galilean/Judean | c. 4 ق م – c. 30 AD |
| پولس | Pauline Christianity | Judean, albeit a Roman citizen | c. 33 AD |
| James the Just | یہودی مسیحیity | Judean | c. 33 AD |
| Judah the Prince | ربیائی یہودیت | Judean, آل داؤد | 2nd century AD |
| Montanus | Montanism | Phrygian | 2nd century AD |
| مرقیون | Marcionism | Pontic Greek | 110–160 |
| ناگ ارجن | Madhyamaka | تیلگو زبان Dravidian | 150–250 |
| Plotinus | نو افلاطونیت | may have been of Roman,[12] Greek,[13] or Hellenized Egyptian[14] ancestry; Roman citizen |
205–270 |
| Mani | مانویت | Persian Western ایرانی/آریہ | 216–274 |
| آریوس[n 3] | آریوسیت[n 4] | possibly بربر، born in لیبیا; hellenophone |
250–336 |
| فلاغیوس[n 3] | Pelagianism[n 5] | British,[15] possibly Irish[16] | 354–430 |
| Nestorius[n 3] | نسطوریت[n 6] | Romaniote (Byzantine hellenophone) | 386–451 |
| Eutyches | عقیدہ وحدت فطرت[n 7] | born in قسطنطنیہ | 380–456 |
ابتدائی جدید تا قرون وسطی (500–1800 عیسوی)
ترمیمنئی مذہبی تحریکیں (بعد از 1800ء)
ترمیمافسانوی/نیم-تاریخی
ترمیم| Traditional founder | Religious tradition founded | Historical founder(s) | Ethnicity | Life of historical founder |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ابراہیم | یہودیت | Yahwists[n 9] | بنی اسرائیل | c. 13th[38][39][40] to 8ویں صدی BC[n 10] |
| لاؤزی | تاؤ مت | چوانگ تزو | Chinese | 369 ق م – 286 BC |
| Saptarishi | Vedic religion | Rigvedic tribes | بھارتی شہری | 16th to 11ویں صدی BC |
| یوحنا اصطباغی | مندائیت | صابی | عبرانی قوم | 1st to 3rd century AD |
| ملکہ سبا | Haymanot | Ezana of Axum | Ethiopian | 4ویں صدی BC |
ملاحظات
ترمیم- ↑ "Controversy over Zoroaster's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BCE give or take a century or so, though reputable scholars have proposed dates as widely apart as ca. 1750 BCE and '258 years before Alexander.'" (انسائیکلوپیڈیا ایرانیکا)
- ↑ historicity disputed but widely considered plausible. Gosta W. Ahlstrom argues the inconsistencies of the biblical tradition are insufficient to say that Ezra, with his central position as the 'father of Judaism' in the Jewish tradition, has been a later literary invention. (The History of Ancient Palestine، Fortress Press, p.888)
- ^ ا ب پ The teaching of the traditional "founding father" of a "heresy" is may well have differed greatly from the contents of the heresy as generally understood. For references see following notes.
- ↑ Acc. to Rowan Williams, 'Arianism' was essentially a polemical creation of Athanasius in an attempt to show that the different alternatives to the نیقیہ کونسل collapsed back into some form of Arius' teaching. (Arius، SCM (2001) p.247)
- ↑ Pelagius' thought was one sided and an inadequate interpretation of Christianity, but his disciples, Celestius and, to a greater extent, Julian of Eclanum pushed his ideas to extremes.(Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines A & C. Black (1965) p.361) Pelagius himself was declared orthodox by the synod of Diospolis in 415, after repudiating some of Celestius' opinions. (Frend, W.H.C. Saints and Sinners in the Early Church DLT (1985) p.133)
- ↑ Nestorius specifically endorsed the repudiation of "Nestorianism" reached at Chalcedon in 451 (Prestige, G.L. Fathers and Heretics SPCK (1963) p.130)
- ↑ Monophysitism represents an advanced type of Alexandrian Theology; it emerged in a distinctive form in 433 as a result of the agreement between John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria۔ The exaggerated form held by Eutyches was condemned in 451 by the Council of Chalcedon۔ In its moderate forms the divergence from orthodoxy may be simply terminological. Alexandrian Theology stressed both divine transcendence and a marked dualism between the material and the spiritual and so tended to nullify the humanity of Christ.(Cross & Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (1974) arts. Monophysitism، Alexandrian Theology)
- ↑ Includes the پنجابی لوگ، Rajasthanis، and مراٹھی لوگ
- ↑ The religion of the Israelites of Iron Age I was based on a cult of ancestors and worship of family gods, the "gods of the fathers"۔ With the emergence of the monarchy at the beginning of Iron Age II the kings promoted their family god, YHWH (Yahweh)، as the god of the kingdom, but beyond the royal court, religion continued to be both polytheistic and family-centered. As such, this founding group is referred to as "Yahwists" as they were neither truly Israelites nor truly Jews.
- ↑ Israel emerges into the historical record in the last decades of the 13ویں صدی BCE, at the very end of the Late Bronze Age, as the Canaanite city-state system was ending. In the words of archaeologist William Dever, "most of those who came to call themselves Israelites … were or had been indigenous Canaanites"۔ The worship of YHWH (Yahweh) alone began at the earliest with Elijah in the 9ویں صدی BCE, but more likely with the prophet Hosea in the 8th; even then it remained the concern of a small party before gaining ascendancy in the exilic and early post-exilic period.
حوالہ جات
ترمیم- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 191.
- ↑ Zimmer 1953، صفحہ 183
- ↑ Fisher، Mary Pat (1997)۔ Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths۔ London: I.B.Tauris۔ ISBN:1-86064-148-2 p. 115
- ↑ "Parshvanatha"۔ Encyclopædia Britannica۔ ج Encyclopædia Britannica Online۔ 2007۔ 2018-12-25 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2007-10-22
- ↑ Bowker، John (2000)۔ "Parsva"۔ The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions۔ Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press۔ 2018-12-25 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2007-10-22
- ↑ Charpentier, Jarl (1922)۔ "The History of the Jains"۔ The Cambridge History of India۔ Cambridge۔ ج 1۔ ص 153
{{حوالہ موسوعہ}}: الوسيط|accessdateبحاجة لـ|مسار=(معاونت)اسلوب حوالہ 1 کا انتظام: مقام بدون ناشر (link) - ↑ Upinder Singh 2016، صفحہ 313
- ↑ Zimmer 1953، صفحہ 222
- ↑ "Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.، 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira
- ↑ Brueggemann 2002، pp. 75, 144.
- ↑ Bevan، Edwyn (1 جنوری 1999)۔ Stoics and Sceptics: Four Lectures Delivered in Oxford During Hilary Term 1913 for the Common University Fund۔ Adegi Graphics LLC۔ ISBN:978-0-543-98288-9۔ 2018-12-25 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2017-06-14
{{حوالہ کتاب}}: پیرامیٹر|ref=harvدرست نہیں (معاونت) - ↑ "Plotinus." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press، 2003.
- ↑ "Plotinus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003.
- ↑ Bilolo, M.: La notion de « l’Un » dans les Ennéades de Plotin et dans les Hymnes thébains. Contribution à l’étude des sources égyptiennes du néo-platonisme. In: D. Kessler, R. Schulz (Eds.)، "Gedenkschrift für Winfried Barta ḥtp dj n ḥzj" (Münchner Ägyptologische Untersuchungen, Bd. 4)، Frankfurt; Berlin; Bern; New York; Paris; Wien: Peter Lang, 1995, pp. 67–91.
- ↑ ، Oxford Dictionary of National Biography۔
- ↑ Daibhi O Croinin, Early Medieval Ireland 400-1200 (2013)، p. 206.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 67.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 128.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 69.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 102.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 95.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 73.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 183.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 75.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 724.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 992.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 741.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 621.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 637.
- ↑ Chryssides 2001، p. 330.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 451.
- ↑ Smith and Prokopy 2003، p. 279-280.
- ↑ See:
- "Discussion of why Juche is classified as a major world religion"۔ Adherents.com۔ 2018-12-25 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2008-10-25۔
Its promoters describe Juche as simply a secular, ethical philosophy and not a religion. But, from a sociological viewpoint Juche is clearly a religion
; - Baker، Donald L. (2008)۔ Korean Spirituality۔ Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press۔ ص 147۔ ISBN:978-0-8248-3257-5;
- Temperman، Jeroen (2005)۔ State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance۔ Leiden: BRILL۔ ج 8۔ ص 145۔ ISBN:978-90-04-18148-9۔
- "Discussion of why Juche is classified as a major world religion"۔ Adherents.com۔ 2018-12-25 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2008-10-25۔
- ↑ Beit-Hallahmi 1998، p. 365.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 1051.
- ↑ Beit-Hallahmi 1998، p. 97.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 1004.
- ↑ Albertz 1994، p. 61.
- ↑ Grabbe 2008, pp. 225–6.
- ↑ Killebrew، Ann E. (2005)۔ Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.۔ Society of Biblical Literature۔ ISBN:978-1-58983-097-4
کتابیات
ترمیم- Beit-Hallahmi، Benjamin (1998)۔ The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Active New Religions, Sects, and Cults (Revised Edition)۔ Rosen Publishing Group۔ ISBN:978-0-8239-2586-5
- Brueggemann، Walter (2002)۔ Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes۔ Westminster John Knox Press۔ ISBN:978-0-664-22231-4
{{حوالہ کتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: ref duplicates default (link) - Chryssides، George D. (2001)۔ Historical dictionary of new religious movements۔ The Scarecrow Press, Inc.۔ ISBN:0-8108-4095-2
{{حوالہ کتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: ref duplicates default (link) - Jestice، Phyllis G. (2004)۔ Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia (Volume 3)۔ ABC-CLIO, Inc.۔ ISBN:978-1-57607-355-1
{{حوالہ کتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: ref duplicates default (link) - Melton، J. Gordon (2003)۔ Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition)۔ Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc.۔ ISBN:0-7876-6384-0
{{حوالہ کتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: ref duplicates default (link) - Smith، Christian؛ Joshua Prokopy (1999)۔ Latin American Religion in Motion۔ New York, New York: Routledge۔ ISBN:978-0-415-92106-0
- Singh، Upinder (2016)، A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century، Pearson Education، ISBN:978-93-325-6996-6
- Zimmer، Heinrich (1953) [اپریل 1952]، Campbell، Joseph (مدیر)، Philosophies Of India، لندن، E.C. 4: روٹلیج & Kegan Paul Ltd، ISBN:978-81-208-0739-6
{{حوالہ}}: الوسيط غير المعروف|editorlink=تم تجاهله يقترح استخدام|editor-link=(معاونت)اسلوب حوالہ 1 کا انتظام: مقام (link)